Should We Consider Adaptivity in Moment-based Image Watermarking ?

Abstract

The term adaptivity is absent from the state-of-the-art moment-based image watermarking methods. A question to be answered is whether adaptive watermark insertion will guide to the enhancement of image's security (concerning a number of requirements such as robustness, imperceptibility, complexity and capacity). Initially, the term adaptivity is being unfold from dierent perspectives; the selection of the most qualied coecients (considering their order and magnitude) for carrying the watermark information; the selection of the most qualied image region for hosting the Efstratios D. Tsougenis

Fuzzy knowledge-based adaptive image watermarking by the method of moments

“…Recently, Tsougenis and Papakostas [28] and Papakostas et al [29] have focused on the locality property of the moment coefficients, specifically those produced by the Krawtchouk polynomials. They claimed that all the image portions are not appropriate (in terms of imperceptibility and robustness) for watermark embedding and thus by tackling the watermarking procedure as an optimization process, the watermarking locality behavior could be controlled.…”

“…Recently, Tsougenis and Papakostas [28], Papakostas et al [29] have proposed an adaptive watermarking scheme where the most appropriate image portion is adaptively selected, such that the imperceptibility and robustness of the watermarked image be improved.…”

“…The dither modulation embedding scheme has been applied successfully in moment-based watermarking algorithms [28][29][30]. In this work, the orthogonal moments (M pq ) …”

“…Although the proposed methodology is applicable to any moment family, the Tchebichef (TMs) [17] and Krawtchouk (KMs) [18] discrete moments will be considered herein, since both of them show a remarkable watermarking performance [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The main characteristics of the used moment families according to (1) are presented in Table 2.…”

Image watermarking via fractional polar harmonic transforms

“…27 regarding the moments' order and family free parameters. 35, Tsougenis and Papakostas proposed adaptive schemes better for moments and established the connection among image watermarking, moments, and adaptivity, which enhances the image's security. The former includes the ZMs, the PZMs, the TMs, the LMs, and the FMMs, while the KMs and the complex moments 28 belong to the latter one.…”