Over the past few years consensus has grown around the idea that current EU legislative framework for copyright lacks the flexibility needed to accommodate emerging interests, specifically those arising in connection with technological development. The principal directive in the area of copyright-Directive 2001/29/EC (the 'InfoSoc Directive')-1 purported to harmonise, among other things, the main exclusive rights (reproduction, communication and making available to the public, and distribution) by providing a "high level of protection", 2 and the system of related exceptions and limitations. Yet the Directive has been widely criticised for having failed to increase legal certainty in the EU 3 and, overall, has been considered "a badly drafted, compromise-ridden, ambiguous piece of legislation". 4 While debate as to whether the InfoSoc Directivein particular, Article 5 and its enumerated system of exceptions and limitationsshould be reformed has gained momentum, 5 very limited (if any) attention has been devoted to exploring the relationship between this directive, the emerging doctrine of EU pre-emption and the room left for national initiatives. In particular, it remains uncertain to what extent Member States are free to legislate in areas affected by the InfoSoc Directive, notably exclusive rights and related exceptions and limitations. Therefore, two main questions should be addressed: Are Member States entitled to alter, ie broaden or restrict, the scope * Ph.D. (EUI), LL.M.