Should female genital cosmetic surgery and genital piercing be regarded ethically and legally as female genital mutilation?

Kelly, Brenda; Foster, Charles

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03260.x

Cited by 70 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…FGM has been defined by WHO as procedures involving the partial or complete removal of, or other injury to, external female genitalia for non-medical reasons [5,6]. It is necessary to distinguish between elective procedures meant to provide an aesthetic and/or medical benefit and those stemming from oppressive societal forces that may be detrimental to women's health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Cosmetic Genital Surgery: Delivering What Women Want

Magon¹,

Alinsod²

2016

J Obstet Gynecol India

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Female cosmetic genital surgery (FCGS) is the latest and fastest growing sub-specialty in the broad specialty of gynecology. It encompasses procedures designed to change aesthetic and/or functional aspects of women's genitalia. In case of FCGS, there is difficulty in separating purely aesthetic concerns from medical concerns, because there is much overlap. The initial controversies over FCGS have almost settled down in the light of the mounting scientific evidence suggesting that a number of procedures that currently exist are safe, effective, and capable of treating to a considerable extent the suite of conditions associated with course-of-life vulvo-vaginal changes. Also, the rapidly expanding demands that have arisen for FCGS procedures from women across the globe have made it imperative for the reconstructive pelvic surgeons to master

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Cosmetic Genital Surgery: Delivering What Women Want

Magon¹,

Alinsod²

2016

J Obstet Gynecol India

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“…In spite of the differences in terms of age and consent, unsolved controversies exist about the fact that some female genital cosmetic surgeries (FGCS) can resemble in terms of definition, technique, and final result to some FGM/C 3, 4, 5. Some have advocated that FGCS could be included among FGM/C type IV 6; others have drawn parallels in terms of cultural and social pressures leading women and girls to ask for female genital modifications, which can be named FGM/C or FGCS according to the socio‐cultural setting in different regions of the world 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female genital mutilation/cutting type IV in Cambodia: a case report

Abdulcadir

Irion

Tejada

2015

Clinical Case Reports

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Key Clinical MessageNontherapeutic female genital modifications can cause short‐ and long‐term consequences. Caregivers should promote women's self knowledge on genitals' anatomy and physiology, and psychophysical and sexual health. They should also inform on possible negative consequences of vulvar nontherapeutic alterations requested and avoid the medicalization of female genital mutilation.

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“…Cosmetic genital surgery in women includes, for example, removal or reduction of the inner labia, vaginal tightening, liposuction of the mons veneris (fatty tissue over the pubic bone -these are performed in order to create a sense of proportion when the inner labia have been shortened), clitoral reduction and clitoral repositioning (see e.g. Braun 2005;Renganathan, Cartwright, and Cardozo 2009;Kelly and Foster 2012). These modifications are often framed in positive terms, as a means of improving the sexual pleasure.…”

Section: Discourses On Sexual Effects Of Genital Modificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%