“…In this case, the use of an ECP region is complicated, in that we do not wish to apportion formal charges to the O and H atoms in the covalently bound OH units. Therefore, to avoid the artificial polarisation effect of neighbouring PCs on the QM cluster, we decided to employ natural charges in the PC region, 68 derived iteratively from natural population analysis (NPA). 69 Formal charges were used as an initial guess for the embedding array in a single point calculation, from which a new set of NPA charges For every s block ion investigated in section 3.1 (Na + , Rb + , Cs + and Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ ), the def2-SVP basis set 65,66,70 was used during the geometry optimisation along with the associated effective core potentials 71 for Rb, Cs, Sr and Ba.…”