Abstract:Genipin is an ideal cross-linking agent in biomedical applications, which can undergo ring-opening polymerization in alkaline condition. The polygenipin can create short-range and long-range intermolecular cross-linking between protein chains. In this article, the polygenipin with different degree of polymerization was successfully prepared and used to fix gelatin composite materials. The short-range and long-range cross-linking effects of polygenipin were systematically studied. The results show that the comp… Show more
“…Beyond shortrange crosslinking between amino acids, genipin also undergoes a long-range intermolecular crosslinking which involves self-crosslinking between genipin monomers. By tuning the degree of polymerization of polygenipin, the pore size of gelatin scaffold certainly can be controlled for different purposes 39 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Beyond short-range crosslinking between amino acids, genipin also undergoes a long-range intermolecular crosslinking which involves self-crosslinking between genipin monomers. By tuning the degree of polymerization of polygenipin, the pore size of gelatin scaffold certainly can be controlled for different purposes 39 . Figure 4 Cross section SEM images of freeze-dried delignified wood ( a ), ( b ) and freeze-dried delignified wood/gelatin hydrogel crosslinked with different genipin concentrations: ( c ), ( d ) 1 mM; ( e ), ( f ) 50 mM; ( g ), ( h ) 100 mM.…”
A delignified wood template with hydrophilic characteristics and high porosity was obtained by removal of lignin. Gelatin was infiltrated into the delignified wood and further crosslinked with a natural crosslinker genipin to form hydrogels. The composite hydrogels showed high mechanical strength under compression and low swelling in physiological condition. The effect of genipin concentrations (1, 50 and 100 mM) on structure and properties of the composite hydrogels were studied. A porous honeycomb structure with tunable pore size and porosity was observed in the freeze-dried composite hydrogels. High elastic modulus of 11.82 ± 1.51 MPa and high compressive yield stress of 689.3 ± 34.9 kPa were achieved for the composite hydrogel with a water content as high as 81%. The equilibrium water uptake of the freeze-dried hydrogel in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C was as low as 407.5%. These enables the delignified wood structure an excellent template in composite hydrogel preparation by using infiltration and in-situ synthesis, particularly when high mechanical strength and stiffness are desired.
“…Beyond shortrange crosslinking between amino acids, genipin also undergoes a long-range intermolecular crosslinking which involves self-crosslinking between genipin monomers. By tuning the degree of polymerization of polygenipin, the pore size of gelatin scaffold certainly can be controlled for different purposes 39 .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Beyond short-range crosslinking between amino acids, genipin also undergoes a long-range intermolecular crosslinking which involves self-crosslinking between genipin monomers. By tuning the degree of polymerization of polygenipin, the pore size of gelatin scaffold certainly can be controlled for different purposes 39 . Figure 4 Cross section SEM images of freeze-dried delignified wood ( a ), ( b ) and freeze-dried delignified wood/gelatin hydrogel crosslinked with different genipin concentrations: ( c ), ( d ) 1 mM; ( e ), ( f ) 50 mM; ( g ), ( h ) 100 mM.…”
A delignified wood template with hydrophilic characteristics and high porosity was obtained by removal of lignin. Gelatin was infiltrated into the delignified wood and further crosslinked with a natural crosslinker genipin to form hydrogels. The composite hydrogels showed high mechanical strength under compression and low swelling in physiological condition. The effect of genipin concentrations (1, 50 and 100 mM) on structure and properties of the composite hydrogels were studied. A porous honeycomb structure with tunable pore size and porosity was observed in the freeze-dried composite hydrogels. High elastic modulus of 11.82 ± 1.51 MPa and high compressive yield stress of 689.3 ± 34.9 kPa were achieved for the composite hydrogel with a water content as high as 81%. The equilibrium water uptake of the freeze-dried hydrogel in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C was as low as 407.5%. These enables the delignified wood structure an excellent template in composite hydrogel preparation by using infiltration and in-situ synthesis, particularly when high mechanical strength and stiffness are desired.
“…60 Theoretically, 1 mol genipin can react with 2 mol amino groups of gelatin by Schiff's base reaction. 43 In this study, the additive amount of genipin was controlled to prepare partially cross-linked gelatin microspheres. The not fully cross-linked gelatin microspheres can be further crosslinked by dialdehyde amylose to fabricate gelatin-based scaffolds.…”
The porous microstructure of scaffolds is an essential consideration for tissue engineering, which plays an important role for cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. It is crucial to choose optimum pore sizes of scaffolds for the treatment of various damaged tissues. Therefore, the proper porosity is the significant factor that should be considered when designing tissue scaffolds. Herein, we develop an improved emulsion template method to fabricate gelatinbased scaffolds with controllable pore structure. Gelatin droplets were first prepared by emulsification and then solidified by genipin to prepare gelatin microspheres. The microspheres were used as a template for the fabrication of porous scaffolds, which were gathered and tightened together by dialdehyde amylose. The results showed that emulsification can produce gelatin microspheres with narrow size distribution. The size of gelatin microspheres was easily controlled by adjusting the concentration of gelatin and the speed of mechanical agitation. The gelatin-based scaffolds presented macroporous and interconnected structure. It is interesting that the pore size of scaffolds was directly related to the size of gelatin microspheres, displaying the same trend of change in size. It indicated that the gelatin microspheres can be used as the proper template to fabricate gelatin-based scaffold with a desired pore structure. In addition, the gelatin-based scaffolds possessed good blood compatibility and cytocompatibility. Overall, the gelatin-based scaffolds exhibited great potential in tissue engineering.
“…In addition, application of higher ultrasound energy (10 min) to samples containing low amounts of chitosan (0.5% w/v) could produce smaller particles providing multiple protein anchor points through the cross-linking agent. Besides, the extent of cross-linking between protein and genipin can be high (about 80-86%) even at low genipin addition [17]. A limited number of studies have employed RSM approaches to optimize the generation of magnetic nanoparticles for enzyme immobilization.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Genipin is a heterocycle of natural origin used as a nontoxic chemical for cross-linking of proteins and polysaccharides [10]. Thus, genipin is widely used to replace glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde as a biological cross-linking agent for proteins due to about 10,000 times less toxic [17]. Therefore, the composite synthesized can be used in such applications where safety issues are important as food or pharmaceuticals.…”
Cross-linking of magnetic nanoparticles with proteins plays a significant role in the preparation of new materials for biotechnological applications. The aim was the maximization of the magnetic mass attracted and protein loading of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan, synthesized in a single step by alkaline precipitation. Chitosan-coated magnetite particles (Fe3O4@Chitosan) were cross-linked to a xylanase and a cellulase (Fe3O4@Chitosan@Proteins), showing a 93% of the magnetic saturation of the magnetite. X-ray diffraction pattern in composites corresponds to magnetite. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry showed that 162 mg of chitosan was coating one gram of composite and 12 mg of protein was cross-linked to each gram of magnetic support. Cross-linking between enzymes and Fe3O4@Chitosan was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform, X-ray energy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy dispersion analysis. From dynamic light scattering, transmission and electron microscopy the average particle size distribution was 230 nm and 430 nm for Fe3O4@Chitosan and Fe3O4@Chitosan@Proteins, showing agglomerates of individual spherical particles, with an average diameter of 8.5 nm and 10.8 nm, respectively. The preparation method plays a key role in determining the particle size and shape, size distribution, surface chemistry, and, therefore, the applications of the superparamagnetic nanoparticles.
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