Short-End Injection Capillary Electrophoresis and Multivariate Analysis for Simultaneous Determination of Heavy Metals in Passiflora incarnata Tea

Abstract

An ultra-fast method for the simultaneous determination of heavy metals in Passiflora incarnata tea by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using a short-end injection combined with multivariate analysis was proposed. Separation was conducted by hydrodynamic injection (5 s at 0.5 psi) using the short-end injection procedure in a fused uncoated silica capillary (50 cm total length, 10.2 cm effective length, 50 µm i.d.) with separation time less than 2 min. An indirect UV detection at 214 nm was employed by using imidazole as a chromophore. The buffer used was 6 mmol/L hydroxybutyric acid (HIBA). The optimum conditions by full factorial with a central point were achieved by 18-crown-6 concentration (23.3 mmol L−1), voltage (+11.4 kV), methanol concentration (3.8%), and temperature (20 °C). The method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.998) for both Cd and Pb, inter-day precision of less than 14.49%, and an adequate limit of quantification only for Cd (LOQ < 0.5 µg mL−1 for Cd) based on the US Pharmacopeial Convention limit requirements for elemental impurities. After method validation, the method was applied to Passiflora incarnata tea samples from a local market. Furthermore, the developed method showed great potential for the determination of metals in other samples with proper sample preparation procedures.

Capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics: Advances and applications in the period March 2021 to March 2023

“…The optimal BGE was composed of 6 mM hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA), 5 mM imidazole as chromophore, 23.3 mM 18-crown-6 as a complexing agent together with 3.7% methanol. LOQ matching the requirements of the US Pharmacopeia limit requirements was achieved for cadmium determination [72]. γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system classified as a controlled psychotropic drug because it is frequently maliciously spiked in drinks for drug-facilitated sexual assaults.…”

Electrochemical Detection of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ with Sensors Based on Carbonaceous Nanomaterials and Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

“…Conventional methods for tracing metal detection at low concentrations include atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES) [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [ 32 ], ion chromatography ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (IC–UV–Vis) [ 33 , 34 ], inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], microwave field hydrothermal method [ 40 , 41 ], X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XFS) [ 42 , 43 , 44 ], etc. Although these methods have the advantage of high sensitivity and selectivity, there are also some aspects that may limit their use in routine analysis and real-time monitoring of HM ion concentration, such as the high cost of instruments, laborious sample preparation steps, the need for a professional experienced in the application of this technique and laborious preconcentration procedures.…”