Short- and Long-Term Repeated Forced Swim Stress Induce Depressive-Like Phenotype in Mice: Effectiveness of 3-[(4-Chlorophenyl)Selanyl]-1-Methyl-1H-Indole

Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication

“…The third recent study utilized the organoselenium compound, 3-[(4-chlorophenyl)selanyl]-1-methyl-1 H -indole (CMI), which was previously reported to ameliorate depressive-like symptoms in mice following ARS [ 231 , 232 ]. To investigate the functions of CMI further, Casaril et al used a mouse model in which chronic intragastric (i.g.)…”

Using Mice to Model Human Disease: Understanding the Roles of Baseline Housing-Induced and Experimentally Imposed Stresses in Animal Welfare and Experimental Reproducibility

“…Additionally, mice are used to study the role of stress in a myriad of neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease [96] and Parkinson's disease [97]. Mouse models are also used to understand how chronic stress plays into psychological disorders such as anxiety [98], depression [99,100], and Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [101]. Furthermore, there are ongoing efforts to understand how stress is involved in sociological problems, such as substance abuse [102], the effect of poverty related chronic stress on decision making [103], and the stress induced by noise pollution accompanying urbanization [104].…”

“…As with many of the stressinducing strategies and assessments, there is variability in reliability and Liu et al have published a Nature Protocol to improve the reproducibility of results obtained with this test [131]. Other tests which are frequently used are the forced swim test, in which the time it takes for a mouse to "give up" and float is a measure of depression, as well as the tail suspension test which measures immobility (depressive behavior) and activity [100,110]. Overall, the stressors are imposed to generate models of psychiatric conditions and then the efficacy of therapeutic approaches is measured by discerning their ability to counteract these behaviors as evaluated by the various behavioral tests.…”

Stress and the Brain: An Emerging Role for Selenium

“…The authors also revealed that CMI reversed the down-regulation of GCR expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus caused by ARS that may have impaired the negative feedback loop of glucocorticoid secretion. Subsequent research by Pesarico et al (2020) revealed that CMI also prevents the depressive-like phenotype caused by repeated forced swimming. The authors hypothesized that CMI acted by reducing lipid peroxidation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.…”

“…Prevented depressive-like behavior induced by dexamethasone administration -Reduced ROS; Restored CAT, SOD activity.-Restored GLU uptake and release; reversed elevation of NA + /K + -ATPase activity in PFC.4,4 -dichloro-diphenyl diselenide (p-ClPhSe) 2(Gai et al, 2012) -(Sousa et al, 2018) Prevented depressive-and anxiety-like behavior caused by ARS -Prevented the associated elevation in pain sensitivity and allodynia (perceiving normally non-painful stimuli as painful) -Normalized serum CORT levels -Reduced ROS, lipid peroxidation, nitrite, and nitrate levels in the CC, HPC α-(phenylselanyl) acetophenone (PSAP)(Gerzson et al, 2012) -(Casaril et al, 2019) -(Pesarico et al, 2020) -Prevented depressive-like behavior caused by ARS -Normalized serum CORT levels -Reduced ROS, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxides in the PFC, HPC -Restored CAT activity in the HPC -Prevented down-regulation of GCR and BDNF, and up-regulation of inflammation in the PFC and HPC -Prevented depressive-like behavior caused by the repeated forced swimming test -Normalized serum CORT levels -Prevented TBARS elevation in HPC -Restored SOD activity in HPC -Reversed the up-regulation of CAT activity in the PFC and down-regulation in the HPC 3-((4-chlorophenyl)selanyl)-1-methyl-1H-indole (CMI) (Vieira et al, 2015; Casaril et al, 2017b) -(Domingues et al, 2019) -Prevented anxiogenic-like behavior caused by ARS -Normalized plasma CORT levels -Prevented the rise in plasma glucose levels -Prevented elevation of TBARS, ROS, and nitrate/nitrites in the PFC and HPC -Prevented elevation of inflammatory markers in the PFC and HPC -Prevented the down-regulation of BDNF in the PFC and HPC -May be capable of binding GCR directly 3-[(4-methoxyphenyl) selanyl]-2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a] pyridine (MPI)(Domingues et al, 2018) …”