Shoot Girdling Improves Rooting Performance of Kalamata Olive Cuttings by Upregulating Carbohydrates, Polyamines and Phenolic Compounds

Abstract

Girdling (a ring of bark approximately 5 mm wide) was applied on olive mother plants to investigate its effect on the rooting ability of cuttings. Treatment was applied in autumn and in spring. The cuttings were then immersed for 5 s into 2000 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in a 45% v/v ethanolic solution. Thirty days after girdling, cuttings were taken from girdled and control shoots from the part just above the girdle zone (basal), as well as from the part right above (middle). The base of the cuttings was collected, and the concentration of polyamines, phenolic compounds and soluble carbohydrates was determined. Girdling enhanced the rooting performance of the cuttings, while autumn proved to be a better season for rooting compared to spring. Girdling positively affected the concentration of all the measured parameters. The main characteristics of autumn cuttings were the high levels of glucose, mannitol, free and total polyamines, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, verbascoside, oleuropein, quercetin and luteolin. The cuttings taken from the middle part of the girdled shoot exhibited high sucrose, glucose, mannitol, free polyamines, hydroxytyrosol, luteolin-7-glucoside, total phenols and flavanol concentrations. Nonetheless, further research is needed in order to draw conclusions on the overall efficiency of girdling on inducing rooting of olive cuttings.

The Effects of Phloem Girdling on Leaf Cell Physiology and Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Peach Tree

“…Starch accumulation was not observed in the leaves of girdling 3 and 4 WAT that may show that phloem healed two weeks after girdling and sugar export from the leaves was succeed. Increase in starch accumulation by girdling was reported in many studies (Onguso et al, 2004;Denaxa et al, 2021).…”

Girdling, maturation degree and ethephon on azalea cuttings establishment

“…Fachinello et al (1988), working with apple rootstock matrices "Malling-Merton 1061", concluded that the girdling also stimulated the rooting of the cuttings. The authors found a greater accumulation of total soluble sugars in these branches, which is the only source of carbohydrates that can provide energy for the formation and development of roots.In addition to providing a greater accumulation of starch and sugars, girdlingallowed the addition of rooting cofactors such as phenolic compounds and polyamines in olive cuttings, increasing the rooting potential of this species (Denaxa et al, 2021).…”

Impact of some natural extracts on rooting performance of coratina olive cuttings

“…Also, the results refer to the difference of natural substances solution in total phenol content which is a digamma on their effect on rooting. Since the old theory was more phenol content coincided with low rooting percent (ABD EL HAMEED, 2018;WOJTANIA et al, 2019;ABDEL-RAHMAN et al, 2020), while the modern theory on the opposite side more phenols content stimulate rooting of cuttings (WOJTANIA et al, 2019;DENAXA et al, 2021;GHIMIRE et al, 2022;MARTINS et al, 2022;ABDEL-RAHMAN et al, 2020). The modern theory concluded that phenol effects depend on their type and concentration.…”

“…The modern theory concluded that phenol effects depend on their type and concentration. Differences of opinion can be solved by the effect of specific phenol type on rooting, Denaxa et al (2021) reported that, Chromogenic acid, rutin and quercetin have an important effect in the rooting of 'Arbequina' cuttings through the protection of IAA degradation during the induction and initiation phases while lower concentration of them in 'Kalamata' cuttings may be one of the reasons for the poor rooting. Also, high rooting percentages coincided with presence of tyrosol, luteolin-7-glycoside, rutin, oleuropein, total sugars, total odiphenols, and total flavanols in 'Kalamata' cuttings.…”

“…Also, high rooting percentages coincided with presence of tyrosol, luteolin-7-glycoside, rutin, oleuropein, total sugars, total odiphenols, and total flavanols in 'Kalamata' cuttings. Tyrosol, rutin and luteolin-7-glucoside, as well as total o-diphenols protect IAA from oxidation, during root formation Rev Bras Frutic 2022; 44: n5: e-972 13 (OSTERC et al, 2009;DENAXA et al, 2021). Moreover, in 'kalamata' olive cultivar, chlorogenic acid considered a possible rooting cofactor (DENAXA et al, 2020).…”