Shoe midsole hardness, sex and age effects on lower extremity kinematics during running

Abstract

This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Nigg, B., Baltich, J., Maurer, C., Federolf, P. (2012) AbstractPrevious studies investigating the effects of shoe midsole hardness on running kinematics have often used male subjects from within a narrow age range. It is unknown whether shoe midsole hardness has the same kinematic effect on male and female runners as well as runners from different age categories. As sex and age have an effect on running kinematics, it is important to understand if shoe midsole hardness affects the kinematics of these groups in a similar fashion. However, current literature on the effects of sex and age on running kinematics are also limited to a narrow age range distribution in their study population. Therefore, this study tested the influence of three different midsole hardness conditions, sex and age on the lower extremity kinematics during heel-toe running. A comprehensive analysis approach was used to analyze the lower-extremity kinematic gait variables for 93 runners (male and female) aged 16-75 years. Participants ran at 3.33 ± 0.15 m/s on a 30 m-long runway with soft, medium and hard midsoles. A principal component analysis combined with a support vector machine showed that running kinematics based on shoe midsole hardness, sex, and age were separable and classifiable. Shoe midsole hardness demonstrated a subjectindependent effect on the kinematics of running. Additionally, it was found that age differences affected the more dominant movement components of running compared to differences due to the sex of a runner.

How Does Ankle-foot Orthosis Stiffness Affect Gait in Patients With Lower Limb Salvage?

“…agreement with Kobayashi et al [21], decreased resistance about the ankle resulted in less stance-phase knee flexion. These results are also in agreement with footwear literature that reports less knee flexion in soft midsole (ie, more compliant) running shoes [28]. In theory, an AFO with spring-like material properties that stores energy during midstance and returns the maximum amount of energy during late stance/preswing should be most beneficial to the user [3,12,42].…”

No immediate effects of highly cushioned shoes on basic running biomechanics

“…While we could not control this difference, stiffness and other mechanical properties of the cushioning material can affect running biomechanics (Baltich, Maurer, & Nigg, 2015;Cheung & Ng, 2008;Dinato, et al, 2015;Dixon, 2008;B.M. Nigg, Bahlsen, Luethi, & Stokes, 1987;B.M. Nigg, Baltich, Maurer, & Federolf, 2012).…”

Comparison of different marker sets for marker trajectory and principal component analysis based classification of simulated gait impairments

“…[3] Several studies in the gait analysis domain have applied variations of this approach and various marker sets have been used across these studies. [1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] The marker sets can be differentiated based on two major aspects. Firstly, whether the marker set covers the full body or body parts; full body marker sets were used most frequently.…”

“…Firstly, whether the marker set covers the full body or body parts; full body marker sets were used most frequently. [1,[3][4][5][6]11] Body part marker sets include unilateral placement on the lower extremity, [7,10,12] unilateral placement on the upper and lower extremity [9] and bilateral placement on the lower body and thorax. [8] Secondly, marker sets can be differentiated based on whether the markers are placed exclusively on specific anatomical landmarks.…”

“…Marker placement exclusively on anatomical landmarks was used for most associated studies and these marker sets were based on Vicon's Plug-In-Gait R model [3,8,11] or on customized models. [6,7,9,10,12] Federolf, Boyer [4] included marker clusters in addition to the markers on anatomical landmarks. [13] As a result of the variety of marker sets in use the number of markers ranges from 12 to 36 in the mentioned studies.…”