No immediate effects of highly cushioned shoes on basic running biomechanics

Aminaka, Naoko; Arthur, Kevin; Porcari, John P.; Foster, Carl; Cress, Maria L.; Hahn, Chelsea

doi:10.26582/k.50.1.10

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Other studies did not find differences in the AVLR or VIP between maximal and traditional running shoes. 1,2,8 This may be attributed to the fact that these studies used different maximal and traditional shoes. Also, while we required all participants to run at the same pace (8 min/mile), other studies had participants run at a self-selected pace.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2,8 The rockered midsole design of the maximal shoe is also noteworthy: while a rockered shoe has not been shown to affect vGRF parameters, 6 more evidence is needed in this area. Regardless, since the AVLR and VIP found in the current study were drastically higher than previous studies, 2,8 we recommend that researchers not consider all maximal shoes the same. While no differences over time were observed for eversion or dorsiflexion kinematics, we did see differences between shoes for several variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous study found that both before and after a 5-km run on the treadmill, the average vertical loading rate (AVLR) and vertical impact peak (VIP) of the vertical ground-reaction force (vGRF) were higher in the maximal shoe as compared to a traditional shoe during overground running, 21 which may increase the risk of injury. 7,10,15,19,31 However, other research found no differences in vGRF measures between maximal and traditional shoes 1,2 or that differences existed only during downhill running. 8 These conflicting results could be related to the specific maximal and traditional shoes used in each study.…”

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confidence: 94%

“…To our knowledge, almost all research on maximal running shoes to date has been on the immediate effect of the shoes during a single testing session. 2,8,21,25,26 While 1 study examined the effect of a 4-week transition to maximal running shoes, this study did not report the effect of time on ground-reaction forces or ankle kinematics. 1 It is currently unknown whether a longer acclimation period would affect these biomechanical variables.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A 6-Week Transition to Maximal Running Shoes Does Not Change Running Biomechanics

Hannigan

Pollard

2019

Am J Sports Med

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Background: A recent study suggested that maximal running shoes may increase the impact force and loading rate of the vertical ground-reaction force during running. It is currently unknown whether runners will adapt to decrease the impact force and loading rate over time. Purpose: To compare the vertical ground-reaction force and ankle kinematics between maximal and traditional shoes before and after a 6-week acclimation period to the maximal shoe. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Participants ran in a traditional running shoe and a maximal running shoe during 2 testing sessions 6 weeks apart. During each session, 3-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were collected during overground running. Variables of interest included the loading rate, impact peak, and active peak of the vertical ground-reaction force, as well as eversion and dorsiflexion kinematics. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance compared data within participants. Results: No significant differences were observed in any biomechanical variable between time points. The loading rate and impact peak were higher in the maximal shoe. Runners were still everted at toe-off and landed with less dorsiflexion, on average, in the maximal shoe. Conclusion: Greater loading rates and impact forces were previously found in maximal running shoes, which may indicate an increased risk of injury. The eversion mechanics observed in the maximal shoes may also increase the risk of injury. A 6-week transition to maximal shoes did not significantly change any of these measures. Clinical Relevance: Maximal running shoes are becoming very popular and may be considered a treatment option for some injuries. The biomechanical results of this study do not support the use of maximal running shoes. However, the effect of these shoes on pain and injury rates is unknown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 94%

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confidence: 99%

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A 6-Week Transition to Maximal Running Shoes Does Not Change Running Biomechanics

Hannigan

Pollard

2019

Am J Sports Med

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“…In the last decades running has increased in popularity becoming one of the most important recreational activities (Aminaka, Arthur, Porcari, Foster, Cress, & Hahn, 2018;De Wit, De Clercq, & Aerts, 2000;Fernández & Rojano, 2020;Taunton, Ryan, Clement, McKenzie, Lloyd-Smith, & Zumbo, 2002). The rapid increase in the number of runners has led to an explosion of research and assessment (Novacheck, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral asymmetries and sex differences in the kinematics of running gait cycle of a group of Andalusian recreational runners (Asimetrías y diferencias por sexo en la cinemática del ciclo de carrera en un grupo de corredores recreativos andaluces)

Ortega¹,

Aguilar²,

Rosa³

2021

Retos

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Running gait cycle begins when one foot comes in contact with the ground and ends when the same foot contacts the ground again. In a running gait cycle each lower limb has a stance phase and a swing phase. During the stance phase eversion of the subtalar joint is one of the mechanisms used to absorb impact forces. However, excessive rearfoot eversion may contribute to overuse running injuries of the lower limb. It is necessary to provide additional insight on sex differences or differences between dominant and non-dominant limbs in the different phases of the running gait cycle, as well as in the movements of the subtalar joint in the coronal plane. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine bilateral asymmetries, sex differences and peak eversion angle in the running gait cycle of recreational runners. 20 recreational runners aged 20 – 28 years (10 males and 10 females) were recorded on a treadmill at a running speed between 11 km/h and 12 km/h with high speed camera at 300 Hz. Males and females showed no significant differences between limbs in any of the variables of interest, indicating no bilateral asymmetries in running gait cycle. Female runners demonstrated a greater time to peak eversion than male runners (36.92 ± 5.79% vs 26.37 ± 5.12%, p < .01) and this may be related to some overuse running injuries that are more prevalent in females. The data obtained in this study may serve as a useful reference for future research. Resumen. Un ciclo de carrera comienza cuando un pie contacta con el suelo y termina cuando el mismo pie contacta con el suelo de forma consecutiva. En un ciclo de carrera cada extremidad inferior tiene una fase de apoyo y una fase de vuelo. Durante la fase de apoyo la pronación de la articulación subastragalina es uno de los mecanismos para absorber las fuerzas de impacto. Sin embargo, una excesiva pronación puede predisponer a lesiones por sobreuso de la extremidad inferior. Son necesarias investigaciones adicionales sobre las diferencias por sexos y las asimetrías en las diferentes fases del ciclo de carrera, así como en los movimientos de la articulación subastragalina. Por tanto, el propósito del presente estudio fue determinar las asimetrías, las diferencias por sexos y la máxima pronación en un ciclo de carrera de corredores recreativos. 20 corredores recreativos de entre 20 y 28 años (10 hombres y 10 mujeres) fueron grabados corriendo en tapiz rodante entre 11 km/h y 12 km/h con una cámara de alta velocidad a 300 Hz. No existieron asimetrías en el ciclo de carrera pues no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la pierna dominante y la no dominante en ninguna variable. La máxima pronación fue más tardía en mujeres que en hombres (36.92 ± 5.79% vs 26.37 ± 5.12%, p < .01), lo que puede estar relacionado con la mayor prevalencia de ciertas lesiones de la extremidad inferior en mujeres. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio pueden servir de referencia para futuras investigaciones.

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Kinematics and muscle activity when running in partial minimalist, traditional, and maximalist shoes

Becker

Borgia

2020

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

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Ultra-cushioning (ULTRA) shoes are relatively new to the running shoe market. While several studies have evaluated joint kinematics and kinetics when running in ULTRA shoes, to date it remains unknown how such shoes influence joint coordination. Therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate lower extremity coordination and coordination variability when running in minimalist (MIN), traditional (NEUT) and ULTRA shoes. Fifteen recreational runners ran for ten minutes in each shoe type. Lower extremity coordination patterns and coordination variability were assessed for rearfoot-tibia, rearfoot-knee, and tibia-knee couplings using a modified vector coding method during early, mid, and late stance periods. During late stance the ULTRA shoes results in more antiphase coordination than the MIN (p = .036) or NEUT (p = .047) shoes and less in-phase coordination than the MIN (p = .048) or NEUT (p = .013) shoes.During late stance there was also more proximal phase rearfoot-knee coordination in the ULTRA shoes than in either the MIN (p = .039) or the NEUT (p = .005) shoes and less in-phase coordination in the ULTRA shoes than in the NEUT shoes (p = .006). There were no differences in coordination variability between shoes during any phase. The differences in coordination may have implications for tissue loading and injury development when running in ULTRA shoes.

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No immediate effects of highly cushioned shoes on basic running biomechanics

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

A 6-Week Transition to Maximal Running Shoes Does Not Change Running Biomechanics

A 6-Week Transition to Maximal Running Shoes Does Not Change Running Biomechanics

Bilateral asymmetries and sex differences in the kinematics of running gait cycle of a group of Andalusian recreational runners (Asimetrías y diferencias por sexo en la cinemática del ciclo de carrera en un grupo de corredores recreativos andaluces)

Kinematics and muscle activity when running in partial minimalist, traditional, and maximalist shoes

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