Shock for right and wrong responses during learning and extinction in human subjects.

Differential effects of shock in human maze learning.

“…The first is that shock-wrong groups always learn faster than do shockright groups, an assumption which is not borne out by the available evidence. While this is usually the case, several experiments have resulted in shock-right being the superior condition for learning (Feldman, 1954;Tolman et al, 1932), and in still others, no difference has been observed between shock-right and shock-wrong groups (e.g., Freeburne & Schneider, 1955). A review of earlier studies suggests that intensity of the noxious stimulus employed may be the basis of these conflicting findings (see e.g., Muenzinger & Newcomb, 1935).…”