Shock-absorbing aggregates beneath playground equipment: grain properties and moisture content

Janiskangas, T; Pylkkänen, Kari; Kolisoja, Pauli

doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042335

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 9 publications

(10 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…There is a lack of studies on TBIs in children falling to playgrounds, despite relevant studies exist which either focus only on playground materials 21 or limited to household falls using anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) 22 – 26 . ATDs indeed provide valuable insights into the global impact kinematics of the head, but doesn’t allow for predicting tissue level injury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved safety standards are needed to better protect younger children at playgrounds

Kleiven

2018

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Playground-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in children remain a considerable problem world-wide and current safety standards are being questioned due to historical reasons where the injury thresholds had been perpetuated from automobile industry. Here we investigated head injury mechanisms due to falls on playgrounds using a previously developed and validated age-scalable and positionable whole body child model impacted at front, back and side of the head simulating head-first falls from 1.59 meters (m). The results show that a playground material passing the current testing standards (HIC < 1000 and resultant linear acceleration <200 g) resulted in maximum strain in the brain higher than known injury thresholds, thus not offering sufficient protection especially for younger children. The analysis highlights the age dependence of head injuries in children due to playground falls and the youngest have a higher risk of brain injury and skull fracture. Further, the results provide the first biomechanical evidence guiding age-dependent injury thresholds for playground testing standards. The results also have direct implications for novel designs of playground materials for a better protection of children from TBIs. Only making the playground material thicker and more compliant is not sufficient. This study represents the first initiative of using full body human body models of children as a new tool to improve playground testing standards and to better protect the children at playgrounds.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved safety standards are needed to better protect younger children at playgrounds

Kleiven

2018

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

The Influence of Fall Direction and Hip Protector on Fracture Risk: FE Model Predictions Driven by Experimental Data

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hip fractures in older adults, which often lead to lasting impairments and an increased risk of mortality, are a major public health concern. Hip fracture risk is multi-factorial, affected by the risk of falling, the load acting on the femur, and the load the femur can withstand. This study investigates the influence of impact direction on hip fracture risk and hip protector efficacy. We simulated falls for 4 subjects, in 7 different impact directions (15° and 30° anterior, lateral, and 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° posterior) at two different impact velocities (2.1 and 3.1 m/s), all with and without hip protector, using previously validated biofidelic finite element models. We found the highest number of fractures and highest fragility ratios in lateral and 15° posterior impacts. The hip protector attenuated femur forces by 23–49 % for slim subjects under impact directions that resulted in fractures (30° anterior to 30° posterior). The hip protector prevented all fractures (6/6) for 2.1 m/s impacts, but only 10% of fractures for 3.1 m/s impacts. Our results provide evidence that, regarding hip fracture risk, posterior-lateral impacts are as dangerous as lateral impacts, and they support the efficacy of soft-shell hip protectors for anterior- and posterior-lateral impacts.

show abstract

Shock-absorbing aggregates beneath playground equipment: grain properties and moisture content

Abstract: This study shows that the aggregates for shock-absorbing layer should always be tested wet in laboratory conditions corresponding the most critical situation. Standards should include a procedure for wet testing of aggregates.

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

Improved safety standards are needed to better protect younger children at playgrounds

Improved safety standards are needed to better protect younger children at playgrounds

The Influence of Fall Direction and Hip Protector on Fracture Risk: FE Model Predictions Driven by Experimental Data

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About