Ships, splashes, and waves on a vast ocean

Abstract

The simulation of large open water surface is challenging using a uniform volumetric discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations. Simulating water splashes near moving objects, which height field methods for water waves cannot capture, necessitates high resolutions. Such simulations can be carried out using the Fluid-Implicit-Particle (FLIP) method. However, the FLIP method is not efficient for the long-lasting water waves that propagate to long distances, which require sufficient depth for a correct dispersion relationship. This paper presents a new method to tackle this dilemma through an efficient hybridization of volumetric and surface-based advection-projection discretizations. We design a hybrid time-stepping algorithm that combines a FLIP domain and an adaptively remeshed Boundary Element Method (BEM) domain for the incompressible Euler equations. The resulting framework captures the detailed water splashes near moving objects with the FLIP method, and produces convincing water waves with correct dispersion relationships at modest additional costs.

Coupling 3D Liquid Simulation with 2D Wave Propagation for Large Scale Water Surface Animation Using the Equivalent Sources Method

“…Discussion about previous work : The recent article from Huang et al [HQT*21] achieves impressive results by coupling a FLIP simulation with a Boundary Element Method (BEM). Our approach uses fundamental solutions instead of BEM to couple the 2D and 3D domain, leading to significantly different practical consequences.…”

“…Thuerey et al [TRS06] combines 3D and 2D simulations based on the Lattice Boltzmann method, while Thuerey et al [TMSG07] and Chentanez et al [CM10] use a wave solver on a 2D grid and add 3D details where appropriate. Chentanez et al [CMK15] couples a 3D particle‐based simulation with a 2D shallow water simulation for large open scenes, and Huang et al [HQT*21] combines a FLIP‐based fluid solver with a surface‐only liquid solver using boundary elements.…”

Simulating Fluids in Real-World Still Images

“…However, these methods are time-consuming in large scenes. To reduce the cost of simulating a massive range of fluid, methods have been proposed to simulate only a small range of fluid [4], or the surface of the fluid [5,13] to produce a faster approximation by avoiding high computational cost in 3D volumetric solvers. Although these works achieve amazing simulation effects, they are still limited to synthetic scenarios due to scene-specific modelling.…”

Automatic quantization for physics-based simulation

“…Coarsening the interior elements is a commonly used method. Besides, the Boundary Element Method (BEM) [James and Pai 1999] is another practical way to enhance the details of simulation [Hahn and Wojtan 2015;Huang et al 2021;Keeler and Bridson 2015]. For all methods above, parallelization on multi-GPUs is essential to increasing the upper bound of the simulation scale [Gao et al 2018;Liu et al 2016;Wang et al 2020;Wu et al 2015].…”