Shigella Infection in a SCID Mouse-Human Intestinal Xenograft Model: Role for Neutrophils in Containing Bacterial Dissemination in Human Intestine

New Animal Model of Shigellosis in the Guinea Pig: Its Usefulness for Protective Efficacy Studies

“…3). Similar results were previously demonstrated in human intestinal xenograft mice lacking both Peyer's patches and M cells (25). Our own previous study revealed the existence of M cells in regions of the intestinal epithelium that are distant from the Peyer's patches in the mouse (26).…”

“…This murine infection model led to inflammatory destruction of the mucosa and significant infiltration of PMNs into the gut, but it cannot be used to evaluate protective immunity because the model must be used within a narrow window of time, i.e., 4 -5 days following birth. In a unique approach developed by another group, the human intestine xenograft model in SCID mice resulted in extremely high levels of IL-1␤ and IL-8 production, as well as in the marked infiltration of neutrophils following direct injection of bacteria into the lumen of the intestinal xenograft (25). Although this model is valuable for studying the interaction between Shigella and the human intestine, it is too artificial and laborious for the purpose of assessing protective efficacy.…”

A new understanding of enteroaggregativeEscherichia colias an inflammatory pathogen

“…39, 40 We have shown that EAEC induces extensive tissue damage and inflammation in the human intestinal tissues in this model as marked by PMN infiltration, goblet cell depletion and edema formation. Moreover, these pathological markers-particularly inflammatory infiltrates-were strongly correlated with expression of AAF.…”

Molecular Pathogenesis ofShigellaspp.: Controlling Host Cell Signaling, Invasion, and Death by Type III Secretion

“…These processes are essential for the development of diarrhea and the characteristic pathology of shigellosis. Ultimately, however, the PMN recruited to the site of infection entrap and kill the bacteria, thereby resolving the infection (29,158,342). In addition, IFN-␥ plays a crucial role for the innate resistance to S. flexneri infection (328).…”