Shiga Toxin: Expression, Distribution, and Its Role in the Environment

Mauro, Steven A.; Koudelka, Gerald B.

doi:10.3390/toxins3060608

Cited by 67 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…According to Livny & Friedman (2004), this trait may be valuable for STEC population provided Stx production confers an advantage. The non-induced lysogens may benefit from Stx production as this toxin can cause the death of eukaryotic cells, such as unicellular predators or human leukocytes (Steinberg & Levin, 2007;Łoś et al, 2011;Mauro & Koudelka, 2011). This supports the 'model of STEC altruism' described and analysed by Łoś et al (2013).…”

Section: Induction Of Stx Phagessupporting

confidence: 66%

Shiga toxins and stx phages: highly diverse entities

2015

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Shiga toxins are the main virulence factors of a group of Escherichia coli strains [Shiga toxinproducing E. coli (STEC)] that cause severe human diseases, such as haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. The Shiga toxin family comprises several toxin subtypes, which have been differentially related to clinical manifestations. In addition, the phages that carry the Shiga toxin genes (stx phages) are also diverse. These phages play an important role not only in the dissemination of Shiga toxin genes and the emergence of new STEC strains, but also in the regulation of Shiga toxin production. Consequently, differences in stx phages may affect the dissemination of stx genes as well as the virulence of STEC strains. In addition to presenting an overview of Shiga toxins and stx phages, in this review we highlight current knowledge about the diversity of stx phages, with emphasis on its impact on STEC virulence. We consider that this diversity should be taken into account when developing STEC infection treatments and diagnostic approaches, and when conducting STEC control in reservoirs.

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Section: Induction Of Stx Phagessupporting

confidence: 66%

Shiga toxins and stx phages: highly diverse entities

2015

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“…E. coli strains bearing such prophages (called STEC for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli) may cause serious diseases (Gyles, 2007;Łoś et al, 2012). Particularly, a subset of STEC strains, called enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are especially dangerous when infecting humans (Hunt, 2010;Mauro & Koudelka, 2011). The severity of medical problems caused by STEC strains can be exemplified by the outbreak that occurred in Germany in 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defects in RNA polyadenylation impair both lysogenization by and lytic development of Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages

Nowicki

Bloch

Nejman-Faleńczyk

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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In Escherichia coli, the major poly(A) polymerase (PAP I) is encoded by the pcnB gene. In this report, a significant impairment of lysogenization by Shiga toxin-converting (Stx) bacteriophages (W24 B , 933W, P22, P27 and P32) is demonstrated in host cells with a mutant pcnB gene. Moreover, lytic development of these phages after both infection and prophage induction was significantly less efficient in the pcnB mutant than in the WT host. The increase in DNA accumulation of the Stx phages was lower under conditions of defective RNA polyadenylation. Although shortly after prophage induction, the levels of mRNAs of most phage-borne early genes were higher in the pcnB mutant, at subsequent phases of the lytic development, a drastically decreased abundance of certain mRNAs, including those derived from the N, O and Q genes, was observed in PAP I-deficient cells. All of these effects observed in the pcnB cells were significantly more strongly pronounced in the Stx phages than in bacteriophage l. Abundance of mRNA derived from the pcnB gene was drastically increased shortly (20 min) after prophage induction by mitomycin C and decreased after the next 20 min, while no such changes were observed in non-lysogenic cells treated with this antibiotic. This prophage induction-dependent transient increase in pcnB transcript may explain the polyadenylation-driven regulation of phage gene expression.

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“…E. coli strains expressing Stx2 are potentially more virulent and they are more frequently associated with HUS (Pal 2015). The Stx genes in E. coli strains are coded with active or cryptic lambdoid bacteriophages and they are highly expressed upon activation of the lytic cycle of the phage (Mauro and Koudelka 2011;Johannes and Römer 2010). Stx family has an AB5 molecular structure, composed of five identical B subunits (7.7 kDa each) or binding domains and one enzymatically active A subunit (32 kDa).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In silico analysis of Shiga toxins (Stxs) to identify new potential vaccine targets for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

Golshani

Oloomi

Bouzari

2017

In Silico Pharmacol.

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Shiga toxins belong to a family of structurally and functionally related toxins serving as the main virulence factors for pathogenicity of the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) associating with Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). At present, there is no effective treatment or prevention for HUS. The aim of the present study was to find conserved regions within the amino acid sequences of Stx1, Stx2 (Shiga toxin) and their variants. In this regard, In-silico identification of conformational continuous B cell and T-cell epitopes was performed in order to introduce new potential vaccine candidates. 93-100% Homology was observed in Stx1 and its variants. In Stx2 and its variants, 69-100% homology was shown. By sequence alignment with Stx1 and Stx2, 54% homology was detected. T-cell epitope identification in Stx1A and Stx2A epitopes with highest binding affinity for each HLA (human leukocyte antigen) was demonstrated with 100% identity among all Stxs. B-cell epitope prediction was resulted in finding of four common epitopes between Stxs. In silico analysis of Stxs was resulted to identification of new peptide targets that could be used in development of new epitope vaccine candidates or in immunodiagnostic tests.

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Shiga Toxin: Expression, Distribution, and Its Role in the Environment

Cited by 67 publications

References 102 publications

Shiga toxins and stx phages: highly diverse entities

Shiga toxins and stx phages: highly diverse entities

Defects in RNA polyadenylation impair both lysogenization by and lytic development of Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages

In silico analysis of Shiga toxins (Stxs) to identify new potential vaccine targets for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

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