The paper aims to determine the contribution of enterprise cooperation to the sustainable development of the economy through accelerated modernization and increased corporate responsibility. The study involves finding the regression dependence of modernization and corporate responsibility on the level of enterprise cooperation in each sample of countries separately. As a result, the authors propose specific recommendations for stimulating enterprise cooperation to achieve sustainable economic development for each sample. A significant positive contribution of enterprise cooperation to the sustainable development of the economy through accelerated modernization and increased corporate responsibility is revealed, which is more pronounced in conditionally developing countries (illustrated by the example of the BRICS countries and lagging countries). Besides, the authors prove that both commercial (modernization) and non-commercial (e.g., environmental protection through corporate responsibility) sustainable development goals can be achieved through enterprise cooperation. In conditionally developed countries, at the maximum (100 points, +67.06%) level of cooperation, the highest level of digital modernization of the economy is reached (+87.34%) and a significant (+18.87%) increase in corporate responsibility to 64.74 points. In conditionally developing countries, at the maximum (100 points, +117.06%) level of cooperation, the highest level of digital modernization of the economy (+157.60%) and corporate responsibility (+131.65%) is achieved. In this regard, the authors recommend promoting cooperation in entrepreneurship all over the world.