The article is devoted to the analysis of cryptocurrency as a new phenomenon in the modern global economic processes and legal institutions. The relevance of the study is predetermined by the very specifics of such a phenomenon as cryptocurrency consisting of a distributed ledger technology, which determines the peculiarities of issuing, storing and performing operations with cryptocurrency. Moreover, the cryptocurrency turnover directly correlates with the national legislation of individual countries, which are the subject of domestic regulation with currency, tax legislation and legislation on the securities market. Sometimes, in this regard, there is a clash of public interests and the interests of entities involved in the circulation of cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency, as an unconventional, trendy phenomenon of the recent times, has become the object of research and discussions on all the world platforms, starting with academia, continuing with the business community and ending with state institutions. There are many reasons for explaining such interest and they can all be reduced to two main blocks: the advantages and the disadvantages of cryptocurrency circulation. The problem of cryptocurrency turnover, on the one hand, is that until now none of the national economies have regulated the cost-effective mechanism for the cryptocurrency turnover and, on the other hand, the leading countries have not yet set up an effective system of legal regulation of cryptocurrency. Many countries are in the active process of working to adequately address the above problem. Separately, it is worth highlighting the interest of Muslim countries in this issue, where discussions are still underway about the permissibility of cryptocurrency in Islamic law. As for the Russian realities in the context of the issue under study, the Federal Law “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation“, which came into effect on 1 January 2021, was supposed to streamline relations of subjects including cryptocurrencies, but, according to the experts in this field, this law is far from impeccable and this sphere of relations cannot be quickly and effectively regulated. This article describes the characteristics of cryptocurrency, its essence, disadvantages and advantages as an object of economic and civil law relations. The purpose of the research is to analyze the economic and legal phenomenon of cryptocurrency, as well as its characteristics in the Muslim legal system. The complexity of the work should be emphasized as a novelty. Based on the designated goal and the logic of construction, the study consists of three interrelated parts. The first part outlines the characteristics of cryptocurrency as an economic category, the second part is devoted to its legal analysis and the last part of the study demonstrates the Islamic perception (Sharia analysis) of this phenomenon. As a conclusion on the scientific research, we will highlight the following provisions. First, economically, nowadays, cryptocurrency is a rather controversial financial instrument: on the one hand, it has great investment attractiveness, but on the other hand, it is subject to great volatility and seems to be a rather risky financial asset. Secondly, from a legal standpoint, cryptocurrencies have not yet found their consistent consolidation and further legal regulation in the Russian legislation. It seems that the legal regulation of this institution will systematically develop depending on what application and results of its turnover the cryptocurrency will have in the future. Finally, the Islamic interpretation of the cryptocurrency phenomenon boils down to the absence of a single, consistent explanation of it from the perspective of Islam and Sharia as an object of permissibility (or prohibition) of transactions with it. It is necessary to further analyze the practice of using cryptocurrency and its impact on the economy and legal institutions in order to make a final decision on its permissibility or prohibition in correlation with the types of activity and the upcoming consequences associated with it.
The muslim goods market is becoming an important component in the retail trade of Russia. A share of this market doesn't exceed 5%, however it doesn't negate the fact that the country's population needs the offer of muslim goods, and the country's budget is replenished due to the development of this market. Despite all this, there is no program of a development of the muslim goods market in Russia. It creates a chaos in the actions of its participants. That is why this article proposes a set of priority directions for the sustainable development of the muslim goods market in Russia: an increasing the country's gross domestic product and a competitiveness of the economy, an attracting foreign capital and a developing export. It will allow to achieve social and economic results, the main of which are an increasing of the muslim goods market and an import substitution, an increasing of an obligatory islamic contribution (zakat) and a supply of muslim goods.
Ключевые слова: инфорсмент, сертификация, стандарт, рынок мусульманских услуг Аннотация Предмет. С учетом роста российского рынка мусульманских услуг к нему увеличивается интерес со стороны научного сообщества и практических работников. Важнейшую роль в этом вопросе занимает регулирование в силу институциональных особенностей, заключающихся в высоких трансакционных издержках, вытекающих из неучета допустимого поведения участниками рынка конфессиональных услуг. Практика работы подобных организаций показывает, что существующие сложности все еще не преодолены. Все это вызывает потребность в анализе инфорсмента для эффективного развития отечественного рынка, что создаст предпосылки для укрепления устойчивости экономики и национальной безопасности России. Цели. Выявить основные направления совершенствования системы регулирования на отечественном рынке мусульманских услуг для обеспечения его развития в ближайшей перспективе. Методология. Методологической основой исследования является институциональная методология, позволяющая оценить влияние различных институтов на экономическое поведение участников рынка. В ходе исследования были использованы общенаучные методы познания: анализ, системность, дедукция, наблюдение и сравнение. Результаты. В ходе сравнительного анализа состояния инфорсмента на рынке мусульманских услуг России был сделан вывод о наличии диспропорции в расслоении сертифицированных организаций и серьезных недостатках системы добровольной сертификации мусульманских товаров. Предложенные минимальные требования к производственным стандартам на услуги населению позволят минимизировать оппортунистическое поведение участников российского рынка мусульманских услуг, а также повысить прозрачность деятельности соответствующих инфраструктурных организаций. Выводы. Совершенствование системы добровольной сертификации даст импульс развитию рынка мусульманских услуг, что создаст условия для решения социальноэкономических задач, стоящих перед государством.
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