Shift current bulk photovoltaic effect in polar materials—hybrid and oxide perovskites and beyond

Tan, Liang Z.; Zheng, Fan; Young, Steve M.; Wang, Fenggong; Liu, Shi; Rappe, Andrew M.

doi:10.1038/npjcompumats.2016.26

Cited by 310 publications

(321 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…A short overview of the "origins of polarity in perovskite and its detection" is given in SI Appendix, section 1. If the material is indeed ferroelectric, then this suggests the possible existence of bulk photovoltaics, which can arise due to existing spontaneous polarization in the bulk of the material (17). Ferroelectric MAPbI 3 could, however, have as main benefit (as broadly discussed elsewhere) (15-18) charge transport via domain walls between adjacent polar domains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ is ferroelectric

Rakita

Bar-Elli

Meirzadeh

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

262

221

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Halide perovskite (HaP) semiconductors are revolutionizing photovoltaic (PV) solar energy conversion by showing remarkable performance of solar cells made with HaPs, especially tetragonal methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI 3 ). In particular, the low voltage loss of these cells implies a remarkably low recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. It was suggested that low recombination can be due to the spatial separation of electrons and holes, a possibility if MAPbI 3 is a semiconducting ferroelectric, which, however, requires clear experimental evidence. As a first step, we show that, in operando, MAPbI 3 (unlike MAPbBr 3 ) is pyroelectric, which implies it can be ferroelectric. The next step, proving it is (not) ferroelectric, is challenging, because of the material's relatively high electrical conductance (a consequence of an optical band gap suitable for PV conversion) and low stability under high applied bias voltage. This excludes normal measurements of a ferroelectric hysteresis loop, to prove ferroelectricity's hallmark switchable polarization. By adopting an approach suitable for electrically leaky materials as MAPbI 3 , we show here ferroelectric hysteresis from well-characterized single crystals at low temperature (still within the tetragonal phase, which is stable at room temperature). By chemical etching, we also can image the structural fingerprint for ferroelectricity, polar domains, periodically stacked along the polar axis of the crystal, which, as predicted by theory, scale with the overall crystal size. We also succeeded in detecting clear second harmonic generation, direct evidence for the material's noncentrosymmetry. We note that the material's ferroelectric nature, can, but need not be important in a PV cell at room temperature.halide perovskites | photovoltaics | semiconductors | ferroelectricity | pyroelectricity N ew optoelectronic materials are of interest for producing solar cells with higher power and voltage efficiencies, lower costs, and improved long-term reliability. A very recent entry is the family of halide perovskites (HaPs), in particular those based on methylammonium (MA) lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ), MAPbBr 3 , and its inorganic analog CsPbBr 3 . Devices based on these perform remarkably well as solar cells (1, 2), as well as in other optoelectronic applications, such as LEDs and electromagnetic radiation detectors (3-5). Understanding possible unique characteristics of HaPs may show the way to other materials with similar key features.The ABX 3 (X = I, Br, Cl) HaP semiconductors (SCs), that is, with perovskite or perovskite-like structures, reach, via a steep absorption edge, a high optical absorption coefficient (∼10 5 cm −1 ) (6, 7), long charge carrier lifetimes (∼0.1-1 μs) (8), and reasonable carrier mobilities (less than or equal to ∼100 cm 2 ·V −1 ·s −1 ) (9), and have a low exciton binding energy (10). With these characteristics, the thickness of the optical absorber layer can be ≤0.5 μm, which allows the charge carriers (separated electrons and holes) to diffuse/d...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ is ferroelectric

Rakita

Bar-Elli

Meirzadeh

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

262

221

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“…Using solar cell parameters obtained from the equations (1), (2), and (4), a power conversion efficiency of a solar cell is obtained (equation (5) where P in is the incident light power, Air Mass (AM) 1.5G, i. e., 1 sun, (100 mWcm −2 )

true normalP normalC normalE = \frac{P_{o u t}}{P_{i n}} = F F \frac{I_{s c} V_{o c}}{P_{i n}}

…”

Section: Integration Of a Quantum Dot Solar Cell For A Hybrid Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Dots for Hybrid Energy Harvesting: From Integration to Piezo‐Phototronics

Cho

Pak

et al. 2019

Israel Journal of Chemistry

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Energy harvesting, which converts wasted environmental energy into electricity by utilizing various physical effects, hasattracted tremendous research interests as is one of the key technologies to realize advanced electronics in the future. In this review, we introduce recent progress in the field of hybrid energy harvesting technology. In particular, we focus on a quantum dots (QD)‐based hybrid energy harvesting device. Attributed to fascinating material properties that QD possess, employment of QDs into hybrid energy harvesting has shown great potential for independent and sustainable energy supply.First, an integration of a QD solar cell into a mechanical energy harvester is discussed to harness different types of environmental energy sources simultaneously. Second, a comprehensive explanation of a piezotronic and piezo‐phototronic effect is provided, which is followed by QD‐based piezo‐phototronic applications. Finally, we summarize recent progress that has been made in energy harvesting technology involving a photovoltaic and piezo/triboelectric effect

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“…However, photocurrent generated by BPVE in a closed circuit remains small compared to pn-junctions. This has ignited renewed experimental [4,[6][7][8][9][10][11] and theoretical [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] interest in BPVE with the ultimate goal [15] to optimize its power conversion efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The widely used [12][13][14][15][16][17] 'standard model' [25,26] for computing the magnitude of shift current is based on a perturbative expansion which yields its DC component…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal dynamics of shift current quantum pumping by femtosecond light pulse

et al. 2019

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Shift current-a photocurrent induced by light irradiating noncentrosymmetric materials in the absence of any bias voltage or built-in electric field-is one of the mechanisms of the so-called bulk photovoltaic effect. It has been traditionally described as a nonlinear optical response of a periodic solid to continuous wave light using a perturbative formula, which is linear in the intensity of light and which involves Berry connection describing the shift in the center of mass position of the Wannier wave function associated with the transition between the valence and conduction bands of the solid. Since shift current is solely due to off-diagonal elements of the nonequilibrium density matrix that encode quantum correlations, its peculiar space-time dynamics in response to femtosecond light pulse employed locally can be expected. To study such response requires to analyze realistic twoterminal devices, instead of traditional periodic solids, for which we choose paradigmatic Rice-Mele model sandwiched between two metallic electrodes and apply to it time-dependent nonequilibrium Green function algorithms scaling linearly in the number of time steps and capable of treating nonperturbative effects in the amplitude of external time-dependent fields. This reveals novel features: superballistic transport, signified by time dependence of the displacement, ∼t ν with ν>1, of the photoexcited charge carriers from the spot where the femtosecond light pulse is applied toward the electrodes; and photocurrent quadratic in light intensity at subgap frequencies of light due to twophoton absorption processes that were missed in previous perturbative analyses. Furthermore, frequency dependence of the DC component of the photocurrent reveals shift current as a realization of nonadiabatic quantum charge pumping enabled by breaking of left-right symmetry of the device structure. This demonstrates that a much wider class of systems, than the usually considered polar noncentrosymmetric bulk materials, can be exploited to generate nonzero DC component of photocurrent in response to unpolarized light and optimize shift-current-based solar cells and optoelectronic devices.

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Shift current bulk photovoltaic effect in polar materials—hybrid and oxide perovskites and beyond

Cited by 310 publications

References 107 publications

Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ is ferroelectric

Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ is ferroelectric

Quantum Dots for Hybrid Energy Harvesting: From Integration to Piezo‐Phototronics

Spatio-temporal dynamics of shift current quantum pumping by femtosecond light pulse

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Shift current bulk photovoltaic effect in polar materials—hybrid and oxide perovskites and beyond

Cited by 310 publications

References 107 publications

Tetragonal CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 is ferroelectric

Tetragonal CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 is ferroelectric

Quantum Dots for Hybrid Energy Harvesting: From Integration to Piezo‐Phototronics

Spatio-temporal dynamics of shift current quantum pumping by femtosecond light pulse

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Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ is ferroelectric

Tetragonal CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ is ferroelectric