Shewanella woodyi sp. nov., an Exclusively Respiratory Luminous Bacterium Isolated from the Alboran Sea

Abstract

Thirty-four strains of nonfermentative, respiratory, luminous bacteria were isolated from samples of squid ink and seawater from depths of 200 to 300 m in the Alboran Sea. Although these strains had a few properties similar to properties of Shewanella (Alteromonas) hanedui, they did not cluster phenotypically with any previously described bacterium. The nucleotide sequence of a 740-bp segment of l d was not homologous with other known l d sequences but clustered with the 2 4 sequences of Shewanella hanedai, fibrio logei, fibriofischeri, and Photobacterium species. The 16s RNA gene from two strains was sequenced and was found to be most closely related to the S. hunedai 16s RNA gene. Based on the differences observed, we describe the new isolates as members of a new species, Shewanella woodyi sp. nov. Strain ATCC 51908 (= MS32) is the type strain of this new species.The first isolates of exclusively respiratory (nonfermentative) marine luminous bacteria were assigned to Alteromonas hanedai (2, 5a) and later were reassigned to the genus Shewanella (5b, 9). The genus Shewanella is composed of four species, and only one of these species, Shewanella hanedai, is bioluminescent. Compared to species of the genera Alteromonas, Pseudomonas, and Deleya, S. hanedai and Shewanella putrefaciens have unique quinone compositions, and these organisms possess menaquniones that are not present in Alteromonas species (1). Further confirmation that these Shewanella species form an independent clade that can be recognized as a genus came from 16s rRNA sequence analysis (4).Water samples and squid ink samples from intermediatedepth dives of the submersible Johnson Sea Link contained luminous bacteria that were found to be unable to ferment sugars but could grow anaerobically with nitrate or nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor. Because these organisms did not seem to be similar to S. hanedai, we performed a more complete phenotypic characterization along with a hybridization and sequence analysis of a 740-bp section of the luxA gene, and we also sequenced the 16s RNA gene from two strains. We designated these new isolates Shewanella woodyi sp. nov. The species name is in honor of J. Woodland Hastings, known to most as Woody, an American biologist who, among other things, has made numerous and valuable contributions to our understanding of the biochemistry and function of bacterial bioluminescence. MATERIALS AND METHODSAll of the strains analyzed in this study (Table 1) Our previous experience with luminous marine bacteria indicated that this medium was suitable for most luminous marine bacteria; however, S. woodyi grew but did not produce luminescence in GMA broth (this was later shown to be due to a salt requirement for luminescence). We also found that the strains whose designations begin with MS (MS strains) did not utilize glycerol. Consequently, the medium used for these strains was changed to Shewanella marine agar (SMA) containing (per liter) 5 g of Bacto Peptone (Difco), 1 g of Bacto Yeast Extract (Difco), 15 g of Bacto Ag...

Shewanella loihica sp. nov., isolated from iron-rich microbial mats in the Pacific Ocean

“…While many Shewanella strains remain uncharacterized, there are 32 recognized Shewanella species: the latter were isolated from a variety of sources, primarily aquatic environments and sediments (Bowman et al, 1997;Bozal et al, 2002;Brettar et al, 2002;Coyne et al, 1989;Ivanova et al, 2001Ivanova et al, , 2003aIvanova et al, , b, 2004aLeonardo et al, 1999;Makemson et al, 1997;Nogi et al, 1998;Nozue et al, 1992;Satomi et al, 2003Satomi et al, , 2006Skerratt et al, 2002;Toffin et al, 2004;Venkateswaran et al, 1998Venkateswaran et al, , 1999Xu et al, 2005;Yoon et al, 2004a, b;Zhao et al, 2005Zhao et al, , 2006Ziemke et al, 1998). The bacteria of this genus have attracted great attention because of their diverse respiratory capacities, illustrated by their ability to utilize a wide range of terminal electron acceptors, including oxygen, nitrate, metals and sulfur compounds (Kostka et al, 1996;Myers & Nealson, 1988;Venkateswaran et al, 1999; http://www.…”

Shewanella dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from seawater

“…Established species in the genus are facultatively anaerobic, aquatic, marine bacteria that are Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped and oxidase-positive and have genomic DNA G+C contents of 42-55 mol% (Bowman, 2005;Gauthier et al, 1995;MacDonell & Colwell, 1985;Venkateswaran et al, 1999). At the time of writing, the genus Shewanella comprised 56 recognized species, most of which have been isolated from marine environments, such as seawater, marine sediments or sand, tidal flats or marine invertebrates and fish (Bowman et al, 1997;Bozal et al, 2002;Brettar et al, 2002; Gao et al, 2006;Gram et al, 1987;Gram & Huss, 1996;Hirota et al, 2005;Ivanova et al, 2001Ivanova et al, , 2003a Ivanova et al, , b, 2004aKim et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2006;Leonardo et al, 1999;Makemson et al, 1997;Miyazaki et al, 2006;Myers & Nealson, 1988;Nealson et al, 1991;Nogi et al, 1998; Pankaj et al, 2011;Park et al, 2009;Satomi et al, 2003Satomi et al, , 2006Satomi et al, , 2007Simidu et al, 1990; Stenström & Molin, 1990;Sucharita et al, 2009; Toffin et al, 2004;Xiao et al, 2007;Yang et al, 2006Yang et al, , 2007 Yoon et al, 2004a, b;Zhao et al, 2005Zhao et al, , 2006Zhao et al, , 2007Ziemke et al, 1998). Some species of the genus Shewanella have, however, been isolated from estuarine (Skerratt et al, 2002; Venkateswaran et al, 1998Venkateswaran et al, , 1999 or clinical samples …”

Desulfuromonas svalbardensis sp. nov. and Desulfuromusa ferrireducens sp. nov., psychrophilic, Fe(III)-reducing bacteria isolated from Arctic sediments, Svalbard

“…Among the Fe(III)-reducing bacteria, psychrophiles of the genus Shewanella have been isolated from the Antarctic, the Alboran Sea and deep-sea sediments of the Pacific Ocean, including Shewanella frigidimarina, Shewanella gelidimarina, Shewanella woodyi and Shewanella violacea (Bowman et al, 1997;Makemson et al, 1997;Nogi et al, 1998). The strains isolated by Fe(III) reduction in the present study grew at in situ temperatures just above the freezing point of sea water and were accordingly well adapted to the permanently low temperatures of the Arctic Ocean.…”