Shared perceptual basis of emotional expressions and trustworthiness impressions from faces.

Oosterhof, Nikolaas N.; Todorov, Alexander

doi:10.1037/a0014520

Cited by 275 publications

(206 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Here we have demonstrated that not only is this subtle variation measureable but it is also influencing social judgements. Given that variation in apparent affect is prevalent in collections of neutrally posed faces [52], it is advisable that expression-related features are measured and considered in perceptual studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perception of health from facial cues

Henderson

Holzleitner

Talamas

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Impressions of health are integral to social interactions, yet poorly understood. A review of the literature reveals multiple facial characteristics that potentially act as cues to health judgements. The cues vary in their stability across time: structural shape cues including symmetry and sexual dimorphism alter slowly across the lifespan and have been found to have weak links to actual health, but show inconsistent effects on perceived health. Facial adiposity changes over a medium time course and is associated with both perceived and actual health. Skin colour alters over a short time and has strong effects on perceived health, yet links to health outcomes have barely been evaluated. Reviewing suggested an additional influence of demeanour as a perceptual cue to health. We, therefore, investigated the association of health judgements with multiple facial cues measured objectively from two-dimensional and three-dimensional facial images. We found evidence for independent contributions of face shape and skin colour cues to perceived health. Our empirical findings: (i) reinforce the role of skin yellowness; (ii) demonstrate the utility of global face shape measures of adiposity; and (iii) emphasize the role of affect in facial images with nominally neutral expression in impressions of health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the apparent mood of 'neutral' facial poses varies considerably and is the driving force behind many social attributions (e.g. trustworthiness) made to facial images [52]. Further work to explore the use of such cues and their validity in health judgements is necessary.…”

Section: (E) Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of health from facial cues

Henderson

Holzleitner

Talamas

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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show abstract

“…According to this logic, if we had given participants a reason to expect trustworthiness or its opposite from the specific person they were paired with, those expectancies would have driven trust decisions and swamped concerns about norms. Indeed, people make vigorous inferences about the trustworthiness of others from the instant they meet, from simple facial features (Olivola & Todorov, 2010;Oosterhof & Todorov, 2009;Willis & Todorov, 2006). Why make such strong inferences if not to guide behavior?…”

Section: Study 3: Expectations Attached To Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trust at zero acquaintance: More a matter of respect than expectation of reward.

Dunning¹,

Anderson²,

Schlösser³

et al. 2014

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

187

171

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Trust is essential for a secure and flourishing social life, but many economic and philosophical approaches argue that rational people should never extend it, in particular to strangers they will never encounter again. Emerging data on the trust game, a laboratory economic exchange, suggests that people trust strangers excessively (i.e., far more than their tolerance for risk and cynical views of their peers should allow). What produces this puzzling "excess" of trust? We argue that people trust due to a norm mandating that they show respect for the other person's character, presuming the other person has sufficient integrity and goodwill even if they do not believe it privately. Six studies provided converging evidence that decisions to trust follow the logic of norms. Trusting others is what people think they should do, and the emotions associated with fulfilling a social duty or responsibility (e.g., guilt, anxiety) account for at least a significant proportion of the excessive trust observed. Regarding the specific norm in play, trust rates collapse when respect for the other person's character is eliminated as an issue.

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“…Thus, trustworthy faces that expressed happiness were perceived as happier than untrustworthy faces, and untrustworthy faces that expressed anger were perceived as angrier than trustworthy faces (Oosterhof & Todorov 2009). …”

Section: The Face As a Social Signalling Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The face is not an empty canvas: how facial expressions interact with facial appearance

Heß

Adams

Kleck

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Faces are not simply blank canvases upon which facial expressions write their emotional messages. In fact, facial appearance and facial movement are both important social signalling systems in their own right. We here provide multiple lines of evidence for the notion that the social signals derived from facial appearance on the one hand and facial movement on the other interact in a complex manner, sometimes reinforcing and sometimes contradicting one another. Faces provide information on who a person is. Sex, age, ethnicity, personality and other characteristics that can define a person and the social group the person belongs to can all be derived from the face alone. The present article argues that faces interact with the perception of emotion expressions because this information informs a decoder's expectations regarding an expresser's probable emotional reactions. Facial appearance also interacts more directly with the interpretation of facial movement because some of the features that are used to derive personality or sex information are also features that closely resemble certain emotional expressions, thereby enhancing or diluting the perceived strength of particular expressions.Keywords: emotion; facial expression; facial appearance Facial expressions of emotion have long been of interest to philosophers and psychologists. Darwin's (1872Darwin's ( / 1965 seminal work On the Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals was a first attempt to systematically understand emotion expression and its meaning. In this book, he proposed a number of explanations as to why certain facial and bodily behaviours communicate certain emotions. In doing so, Darwin had no doubt that the expressive behaviour that he described was part of an underlying emotional state, that is, that emotion expressions have communicative value specifically because they are outward manifestations of an inner state. Darwin assumed clear parallels and antecedents to human emotions in the emotions of animals and our humanoid ancestors, and consequently considered emotion expressions to be universal across human cultures.

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Shared perceptual basis of emotional expressions and trustworthiness impressions from faces.

Cited by 275 publications

References 26 publications

Perception of health from facial cues

Perception of health from facial cues

Trust at zero acquaintance: More a matter of respect than expectation of reward.

The face is not an empty canvas: how facial expressions interact with facial appearance

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