Shared and unique risk factors for depression and diabetes mellitus in a longitudinal study, implications for prevention: an analysis of a longitudinal population sample aged ⩾45 years

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine shared and unique risk factors for incident depression and diabetes mellitus in a national longitudinal population-based survey. Methods: Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) longitudinal study was used. A subsample of the initial NPHS sample ( n = 4845), free of depression or diabetes mellitus at baseline was tracked over a 10-year period. Univariate and multivariate modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR). Stratified analyses by sex were conducted to measure its moderating role. The goodness-of-fit of the various models was tested. Results: The cumulative incidence rate of major depressive disorder and incident diabetes mellitus at 10-year follow-up were 4.1% and 10.1% respectively. Hypertension, daily smoking, physical inactivity and being overweight or obese were shared risk factors for major depressive episode and diabetes mellitus. Being female, family stress, traumatic events, having any chronic disease or heart disease were uniquely associated with depression while increasing age and ethnicity (non-white) were unique risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Also, underweight, family stress, chronic disease, and heart disease were risk factors for major depressive disorder in both sexes. Six risk factors, age, ethnicity (non-white), high blood pressure, daily smoking, physical inactivity, and body mass index were associated with incident diabetes mellitus in both sexes. Conclusion: We found common risk behaviors/conditions not specific to either diabetes mellitus or depression. These risks have also been implicated in the development of a variety of chronic diseases. These findings underline the importance of public health prevention programs targeting generic risk behaviors.

Prevalence of depression and associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in eastern Sudan

“…The association of depression and DM worsens the general outcome related to DM, impairs adherence to medical treatment [ 12 ], decreases quality of life [ 13 ] and increases fatality [ 14 ]. There are many identified risk factors that increase the possibility of depressive symptoms emerging among patients with DM; these include age, gender, urban residence, glycaemic control, smoking, obesity and family history of depression [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Utility of KRAS Gene and Clinicopathological Features in the Assessment of the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Etiology of Colon Cancer

“… 1 2 Both conditions share relatively similar risk factors, including, age, obesity, reduced physical activity, diet, smoking, and alcohol. 3 4 T2DM is often considered an independent risk factor for the progression of colorectal cancer. 5 The risk of colon cancer increases by 40 to 60% in patients with diabetes.…”

The TELE-DD project on treatment nonadherence in the population with type 2 diabetes and comorbid depression

“…In addition, previous studies indicated a significant correlation between hypertension and depression in old adults in community-based studies 20 and indicated that a diastolic blood pressure difference of 5 mmHg significantly reduces the complications of death from diabetes and cerebral infarcts and the development of microvascular complications 21 . Physical inactivity, overweight/obesity, daily smoking, and hypertension have recently been demonstrated to be shared, and unique risk factors of DM and depressive disorders 22 . Diabetes and depression comorbidity significantly increase micro- and macrovascular complications 23 , 24 , elevated health care use 25 , and death rates 26 .…”