Prevalence of depression and associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in eastern Sudan

Abstract

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a global health threat and burden. It is associated with medical and psychological complications, especially depression. Depression among patients with DM may affect the general prognosis. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Gadarif, eastern Sudan to evaluate the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among patients with type 2 DM (T2DM). Methods We performed a cross-sectional study. Data on anthropometric parameters, demographic characteristics and blood glucose levels were collected via questionnaire. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results Three hundred and fifty patients with T2DM were enrolled in the study and 205 (58.6%) were women. The median (interquartile range) age and duration of diabetes were 56.0 (14.0) years and 8 (8) years, respectively. The prevalence of depression in patients with T2DM was 35.6%. Logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between depression and rural residence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20–3.72), non-employee (AOR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.34–4.00), co-morbidity (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.43–3.86) and obesity AOR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.48–4.18). Conclusion The prevalence of depression is high among Sudanese patients with T2DM. Rural residence, unemployment, co-morbidity and obesity are significant risk factors for developing depression among patients with T2DM.

Determinants of depression and anxiety among type 2 diabetes patients in governments’ hospitals at Harari regional state, Eastern Ethiopia: A multi-center cross-sectional study

“…On the other hand, the finding of current study was higher than the study done in Lithuania 22.4% [ 18 ], Kenya 32.3% [ 39 ] Sudan 35.6% [ 40 ] and south west Ethiopia 34.9% [ 41 ]. The possible reason for the discrepancy might be instrument used, which was in this study used Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), but the study done in Kenya [ 39 ], was used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ- 9), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale questionnaire was used in southwest Ethiopia [ 41 ] and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ- 9) was used in Eastern Sudan [ 40 ]. Study participants, setting and sociocultural difference might be also another possible reason for the discrepancy.…”

“…The odds of having depression symptoms among respondents with female participants were 1.85 times higher when compared to participants with male gender. This result was supported by a studies conducted in Mexican [ 32 ], Nepal [ 35 ], China [ 37 ], South Africa [ 33 ],Sudan [ 40 ]and southwest Ethiopia [ 41 ]. The possible justification female were grater vulnerable to other psychosocial in additional to hormonal effect [ 8 , 46 ].…”

The use of nomogram for detecting mild cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“… 15 Furthermore, the overall unadjusted pooled odd ratio (OR) for the progression of MCI to dementia in those with diabetes was found to be 1.53 (95% CI: 1.20–1.97). 16 In addition, the presence of MCI in T2DM patients can lead to reduced diabetes self‐management and poor glycemic control, 8 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 which may ultimately contribute to poor health‐related outcomes and heavy social and economic burdens. 21 Therefore, early diagnosis of MCI is crucial for T2DM patients.…”

“…duration of T2DM and diabetic complications), and presence of anxiety and depression may be associated with MCI in T2DM patients. 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 However, most of these studies have focused exclusively in identifying the biomarkers involved or determining the associated risk factors. Recent studies have shown that nomogram‐based models with individualized, evidence‐based, and highly accurate risk estimation can facilitate management‐related decision making and medical judgments.…”

“…physical activity and smoking status), T2DM‐related characteristics (e.g. duration of T2DM and diabetic complications), and presence of anxiety and depression may be associated with MCI in T2DM patients 18,22–26 . However, most of these studies have focused exclusively in identifying the biomarkers involved or determining the associated risk factors.…”