Shaping light beams in nonlinear processes using structured light and patterned crystals

Trajtenebrg-Mills, Sivan; Arie, Ady

doi:10.1364/ome.7.002928

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The introduction of structure into SPDC was upgraded by the progress in quasi phase-matching (QPM), based mainly on electric field poling technology of ferroelectric crystals, [5,6] and by the wide availability of spatial light modulators (SLMs) for beam shaping. New and sophisticated crystal configurations enabled delicate control of the spatial properties of the spontaneously generated beams [7] Torres et al [8] showed how modulated crystals can shape the generated photons by using a QPM process in crystals with defects and a curved modulation. Engineered nonlinear crystals were also studied for on-chip steering of entangled photons, [9] and periodic 2D crystals were used to create beam-like path entangled and polarization-entangled photons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating Correlations of Structured Spontaneously Down‐Converted Photon Pairs

Trajtenberg‐Mills

Karnieli

Voloch‐Bloch

et al. 2020

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Introducing structure into photon pair generation via spontaneous parametric down‐conversion (SPDC) is shown to be useful for controlling the output state and exploiting new degrees of freedom for quantum technologies. This paper presents a new method for simulating first‐ and second‐order correlations of the down‐converted photons in the presence of structured pump beams and shaped nonlinear photonic crystals. This method is nonperturbative, and thus accounts for high‐order effects, and can be made very efficient using parallel computing. Experimental results of photodetection and coincidence rates in complex spatial configurations are recovered quantitatively by this method. These include SPDC in 2D nonlinear photonic crystals, as well as with structured light beams such as Laguerre Gaussian and Hermite Gaussian beams. This simulation method reveals conservation rules for the down‐converted signal and idler beams that depend on the nonlinear crystal modulation pattern and the pump shape. This scheme can facilitate the design of nonlinear crystals and pumping conditions for generating non‐classical light with pre‐defined properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating Correlations of Structured Spontaneously Down‐Converted Photon Pairs

Trajtenberg‐Mills

Karnieli

Voloch‐Bloch

et al. 2020

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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“…The concept of nonlinear holography stemmed from the realization of QPM nonlinear photonic crystals, mainly by electric field poling [70] for 1D and 2D designs, and recently, with laser domain engineering [71,72,[74][75][76] opening the door for 3D designs. Since in the QPM technique, the nonlinearity is modulated in a binary fashion, a binary encoding of computer generated holograms [77] is employed [78][79][80]. In general, the binary nonlinear computer-generated hologram can be encoded onto the χ (2) structure in the following manner [79]…”

Section: Beam Shaping and Holography In Nonlinear Photonic Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reconstructed hologram, sin [πD(r)] exp [−iφ c (r)] is obtained either in the first diffraction order, if the beam shaping is done in the Fourier plane (planar holography), or in the first longitudinal QPM order (volume holography), either in the far-field or in the near-field. In these setups, the nonlinear process under consideration is usually SHG, which, under the undepleted pump approximation and assuming firstorder QPM, can be described analytically via [79,80]…”

Section: Beam Shaping and Holography In Nonlinear Photonic Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The geometric phase in nonlinear frequency conversion

Karnieli

Arie

2021

Front. Phys.

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The geometric phase of light has been demonstrated in various platforms of the linear optical regime, raising interest both for fundamental science as well as applications, such as flat optical elements. Recently, the concept of geometric phases has been extended to nonlinear optics, following advances in engineering both bulk nonlinear photonic crystals and nonlinear metasurfaces. These new technologies offer a great promise of applications for nonlinear manipulation of light. In this review, we cover the recent theoretical and experimental advances in the field of geometric phases accompanying nonlinear frequency conversion. We first consider the case of bulk nonlinear photonic crystals, in which the interaction between propagating waves is quasi-phase-matched, with an engineerable geometric phase accumulated by the light. Nonlinear photonic crystals can offer efficient and robust frequency conversion in both the linearized and fully-nonlinear regimes of interaction, and allow for several applications including adiabatic mode conversion, electromagnetic nonreciprocity and novel topological effects for light. We then cover the rapidly-growing field of nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry metasurfaces, which allow the simultaneous nonlinear generation and shaping of light by using ultrathin optical elements with subwavelength phase and amplitude resolution. We discuss the macroscopic selection rules that depend on the rotational symmetry of the constituent meta-atoms, the order of the harmonic generations, and the change in circular polarization. Continuous geometric phase gradients allow the steering of light beams and shaping of their spatial modes. More complex designs perform nonlinear imaging and multiplex nonlinear holograms, where the functionality is varied according to the generated harmonic order and polarization. Recent advancements in the fabrication of three dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals, as well as the pursuit of quantum light sources based on nonlinear metasurfaces, offer exciting new possibilities for novel nonlinear optical applications based on geometric phases.

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“…This concept can be expanded to general phase-flattening [11] and modal decomposition [12,13] to detect any spatial state quantitatively. Optical transformations may also be employed and have been successfully demonstrated for detection of Laguerre-Gaussian [14,15], and Hermite-Gaussian (HG) modes [17].While all the aforementioned approaches used linear optics for creation and detection, mode creation has also been demonstrated with nonlinear optics [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. With spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), the method of choice, one can create photon-pairs, entangled in their spatial degree of freedom [27].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial mode detection by frequency upconversion

et al. 2019

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The efficient creation and detection of spatial modes of light has become topical of late, driven by the need to increase photon-bit-rates in classical and quantum communications. Such mode creation/detection is traditionally achieved with tools based on linear optics. Here we put forward a new spatial mode detection technique based on the nonlinear optical process of sumfrequency generation. We outline the concept theoretically and demonstrate it experimentally with intense laser beams carrying orbital angular momentum and Hermite-Gaussian modes. Finally, we show that the method can be used to transfer an image from the infrared band to the visible, which implies the efficient conversion of many spatial modes.There has been tremendous development in methods to create and detect optical spatial modes, in particular complex structured light fields [1], fueled by the desire for higher bitrates in classical and quantum communication [2][3][4]. Employing a variety of concepts and implementations, the creation step may be achieved by refractive or diffractive field mapping, allowing lossless phase and amplitude modulation of an input beam [5], or by single step modulation of the phase and/or amplitude. These approaches have been implemented by a variety of techniques: with dynamic phase by diffractive and free-form refractive optics, more commonly today with spatial light modulators (SLMs) [6,7], by geometric phase using liquid crystal technology [8], or meta-materials and meta-surfaces [9].The detection step may be realized by running the aforementioned approaches in reverse, exploiting the reciprocity of light [10]. For example, if a particular hologram converts a Gaussian beam into some desired mode, then passing this mode through the same hologram in reverse produces a Gaussian beam, which may be coupled into a single mode fiber (SMF) Fig. 1. (a) In a traditional quantum experiment, a Gaussian mode pumps a nonlinear crystal (NLC) mediating the generation of two entangled photons with OAM values of ℓ and −ℓ. (b) Example of flat and anti-correlated modal spiral spectrum of the paired down-converted photons. (c) In the frequency up-conversion process, two incoming signals are engineered to be in specific states. The up-converted signal is detected in the far field, so that there is a non-zero signal only when the phases are conjugate.to form a mode sensitive detector. This concept can be expanded to general phase-flattening [11] and modal decomposition [12,13] to detect any spatial state quantitatively. Optical transformations may also be employed and have been successfully demonstrated for detection of Laguerre-Gaussian [14,15], and Hermite-Gaussian (HG) modes [17].While all the aforementioned approaches used linear optics for creation and detection, mode creation has also been demonstrated with nonlinear optics [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. With spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), the method of choice, one can create photon-pairs, entangled in their spatial degree of freedom [27]. It is instruct...

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Shaping light beams in nonlinear processes using structured light and patterned crystals

Cited by 15 publications

References 95 publications

Simulating Correlations of Structured Spontaneously Down‐Converted Photon Pairs

Simulating Correlations of Structured Spontaneously Down‐Converted Photon Pairs

The geometric phase in nonlinear frequency conversion

Spatial mode detection by frequency upconversion

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