Shape retention in porcine‐septal cartilage following Nd:YAG (λ = 1.32 μm) laser‐mediated reshaping

Gray, Darren S.; Kimball, Joey Ann; Wong, Brian J. F.

doi:10.1002/lsm.1104

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…In our study, after 10 days, this curvature remains stable with an average shape retention at 6 weeks of 64 AE 4% and this value is very similar to those obtained by Gray et al who observed a shape retention varying from 58 to 75% [7]. Moreover, our technique did not necessitate any ablation of the skin before performing the laser irradiation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…In 1993, Sobol et al demonstrated cartilage reshaping using a laser was possible and pioneered the use of lasers for the correction of cartilaginous deformities in the head and neck [1][2][3]. Several wavelengths have since been evaluated: Diode laser (l ¼ 0.98 mm) [4], Nd:YAG laser (l ¼ 1.32 mm and l ¼ 1.44 mm) [5][6][7], Ho:YAG laser (l ¼ 2.1 mm) [8], Er:YAG laser (l ¼ 2.94 mm) [9] and CO 2 laser (l ¼ 10.6 mm) [10]. Recently, Ovchinnikov et al have performed a clinical series of 110 patients who underwent in situ laser nasal septal cartilage reshaping [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser cartilage reshaping in an in vivo rabbit model using a 1.54 μm Er:Glass laser

Mordon

Wang²,

Fleurisse

et al. 2004

Lasers Surg Med

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser cartilage reshaping in an in vivo rabbit model using a 1.54 μm Er:Glass laser

Mordon

Wang²,

Fleurisse

et al. 2004

Lasers Surg Med

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“…The delivery of additional reagents to fuel the electrochemical reactions depends upon diffusion from the bulk of the cartilage sample, and this process dominates the reaction and dictates the magnitude of the electric current. 12,30 Multiplication both sides of the Cottrell Equation (2) by a √ t yields a parameter, S:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reshaping angle was measured after rehydration again. 12 Surface of the specimens was examined using a dissection microscope to observe electrode position of electrode material onto the cartilage.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stress Relaxation in Porcine Septal Cartilage During Electromechanical Reshaping: Mechanical and Electrical Responses

2006

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Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) of facial cartilage has recently been developed as an alternative to classic surgical techniques to alter cartilage shape. This study focuses on determining the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for shape change (stress relaxation) in mechanically deformed facial cartilage specimens exposed to constant electric fields. Flat porcine nasal septal cartilage specimens were deformed by an aluminum jig into semicylindrical shapes while a constant electric voltage was applied to the concave and convex surfaces of the specimen. Mechanical stress, electric current and resistance were measured during voltage application. Specimen shape retention was measured as retained bend angle. Total electric charge transferred in the electric circuit was calculated from the electric current measurement. Electrical resistance, transferred charge and the bend angle increase with increase in voltage application time until bend angle reaches maximum value determined by the jig geometry. Then, the bend angle decreases and electrical parameters nearly saturate. The time dependent behavior of electric current was analyzed using the Cottrell equation. The observed changes in electric current suggest that during the initial 1-2 min of EMR nonlinear diffusion determines electro-chemical reaction rates, which are then followed by a linear diffusion dominated process. Close correlation between alteration of cartilage mechanical state and change in its electrical properties suggest that an electro-chemical reaction is the dominant mechanism behind EMR.

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Minimally Invasive Ear Reshaping With a 1450-nm Diode Laser Using Cryogen Spray Cooling in New Zealand White Rabbits

Holden

Chlebicki

Wong

2009

Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery

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Background-Otoplasty is the current standard of care for treating prominent ears, a psychologically and sometimes functionally disabling disorder. The technically demanding procedure carries many risks such as poor aesthetic outcome, need for revision surgery, and need for general anesthesia. This study investigates the use of laser irradiation combined with cryogen skin cooling and stenting to reshape cartilage in the ears of New Zealand white rabbits.Methods-In this prospective, randomized, internally controlled animal study, the right ears of 9 rabbits were mechanically deformed with a jig and then irradiated with a 1450-nm diode laser combined with cryogen skin cooling (14 J/pulse with cryogen spray for 33 milliseconds per cycle and a 6-mm spot size). The left ear served as the control. The ears were splinted for 1, 3, or 4 weeks. The rabbits were then given a lethal dose of intravenous pentobarbital, and the splints were removed and ears examined and photographed. Light and confocal microscopy were performed on the specimens.Results-Shape change was observed in all 9 treated rabbit ears, while none of the control ears (stenting alone) showed significant change. Qualitatively, reshaped ears were stiffer after 4 weeks of splinting than after 1 or 3 weeks. None of the rabbits showed evidence of skin injury nor did they show signs of postprocedural pain. Findings from histologic analysis in the treated areas showed evidence of an expanded chondrocyte population in the region of laser irradiation, along with some perichondrial thickening and some fibrosis of the deep dermis. Confocal microscopy revealed minimal cellular death at 1 week and none thereafter.Conclusions-Cartilage reshaping using laser energy can be performed safely transcutaneously using cryogen spray cooling in rabbits. This animal model has similarity to human ears with

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Shape retention in porcine‐septal cartilage following Nd:YAG (λ = 1.32 μm) laser‐mediated reshaping

Abstract: While laser heating does significantly reshape cartilage, clinical use of this technology will require "overbending" of the cartilage graft to compensate for this memory effect. The degree of overbending is likely to vary with cartilage type and location.

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Laser cartilage reshaping in an in vivo rabbit model using a 1.54 μm Er:Glass laser

Laser cartilage reshaping in an in vivo rabbit model using a 1.54 μm Er:Glass laser

Stress Relaxation in Porcine Septal Cartilage During Electromechanical Reshaping: Mechanical and Electrical Responses

Minimally Invasive Ear Reshaping With a 1450-nm Diode Laser Using Cryogen Spray Cooling in New Zealand White Rabbits

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