Shape memory effect of three-dimensional printed products based on polypropylene/nylon 6 alloy

Peng, Xiaodong; He, Hui; Jia, Yunchao; Liu, Hao; Geng, Yi; Huang, Bowen; Luo, Chao

doi:10.1007/s10853-019-03366-2

Cited by 50 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A double melting peak due to crystal imperfection is observed when the PTW content is over 15 phr. Therefore, PTW improves the printing performance of blends by inhibiting the crystallization of PLA and decreasing shrinkage stress, which is consistent with other works 10,18,32 . To further verify the printability, some models are successfully printed based on PC‐PLA40/PTW‐10 blend as shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was blended with PLA to obtain new biodegradable material with high toughness and strength for FDM 17 . Polymer blending cannot only achieve the basic printability of materials for FDM but also give the blends functional properties, such as shape memory effect, which contributes to expanding FDM application fields 18,19 . It is proved that polymer blending is a feasible method to develop materials for FDM and PC is expected to be used in FDM by preparing PC‐based blends.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(lactic acid) with improved printability and processability for fused deposition modeling

Geng

Liu

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most widely used 3D‐printing technology due to its simplicity to operate and low cost. However, many engineering plastics such as polycarbonate (PC) with better properties cannot be applied in common FDM printer because of their poor processability and printability. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as the most common printing material has the disadvantages of insufficient heat resistance and poor toughness, which limits the application of PLA‐based FDM product in more potential fields. To develop new material available for FDM, PC/PLA blend was prepared by polymer blending and achieved essential printability for FDM. Ethylene‐butyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (PTW) was introduced to PC/PLA blend as warpage modifier and also had a good toughening effect. Thus, PC/PLA/PTW blend had been prepared as FDM filament with excellent comprehensive properties. The phase morphology of PLA changed from independent dispersed phase to semi‐continuous phase with increasing PLA content. Different from the injection molding samples, the morphology of FDM‐printed samples indicated that the PLA phase oriented in the same direction due to the tensile orientation of the filaments caused by nozzle scanning. Five printing modes were designed to study the effect of printing direction on mechanical properties and failure modes. It was proved that the adhesion between the filaments was weaker than the strength of filament itself and easily caused adjacent filament exfoliation, ultimately resulting in the failure. The work provided some referential conclusions contributing to optimization of printing strategy.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(lactic acid) with improved printability and processability for fused deposition modeling

Geng

Liu

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…Due to the uneven stress distribution, energy dissipation readily occurred in this structure during uniaxial stretching. In the specimen with raster angle of 0°/90°, half of filaments that were completely perpendicular to the stress direction hindered the entropy elasticity recovery of molecular chains strongly, [ 26 ] so this printing structure was detrimental to the shape recovery.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, it was found that the 3D printed product based on polypropylene (PP)/PA6 alloy fabricated with raster angle of 45°/−45° and infill density of 100% exhibited a good SME at the switching temperature of 175 °C. [ 26 ] In this work, we explored the influences of 3D printing parameters (raster angle, infill density, and layer thickness) on the SME. The thermoresponsive SME mechanism was elucidated, together with the crystallization and melting behaviors, dynamic mechanical properties and morphologies of PLA/PCL blends.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Favorable Thermoresponsive Shape Memory Effects of 3D Printed Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(ε‐Caprolactone) Blends Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling

Liu

Huang

2020

Macro Materials & Eng

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acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)/ carbon fiber composites by FDM had both higher fiber orientation and higher molecular orientation compared to those by conventional techniques. [8] Jia et al. used FDM technology to make graphite sheets vertically oriented in polyamide 6 (PA6) polymer matrix, resulting in composites with high through-plane thermal conductivity. [9] It was reported that the performance of FDM products was closely related to their construction methods. Although FDM is one of the most popular 3D printing technologies, the 3D printing parts manufactured by FDM technology usually suffer from lack of functionality, thus limiting its application in some special fields. After the concept of "4D printing" was first proposed by a research group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2013, it has received great attention. [10] "Time" as the fourth dimension was introduced into 4D printing on the basis of 3D printing. The shape, structure and function of 3D printed products evolved over time under external stimulus (e.g., temperature, pH, water, light and pressure). [11] So, 4D printing requires additional stimulus and stimulus-responsive materials. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are classified as the intelligent materials with low cost, low density, high recoverable strain and wide shape memory temperature range. [12] Their original shape can be recovered from a temporary shape in response to thermal stimuli. Generally, a fixed phase, a reversible phase and physically or chemically crosslinked structure are involved in such thermoresponsive shape memory behavior. [13] For the thermal stimuli, the switching temperature is always the thermal transition temperature (e.g., glass transition temperature or melting temperature) of the reversible phase. [14] Predictably, the SMPs capable of being applied in 3D printing could meet the requirements of 4D printing. To solve resource and environmental problems, replacement of the existing petroleum-based materials with renewable polymers is highly interesting. PLA and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with good biocompatibility and biodegradability are the two kinds of SMPs with broad application prospects in biomedical field. [15] In previous studies on the shape memory effects (SMEs) of PLA and PCL, their blends, copolymers and composites were mainly focused on. [16-18] Navarro-Baena et al. found that only the PLA/PCL blend with 30 wt% of PCL showed shape The shape of 3D printed products can be transformed over time, achieving 4D printing. In this work, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) blends are fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM). The thermoresponsive shape memory effects (SMEs) of 3D printed blends are investigated by stress-controlled dynamic mechanical analysis in tension mode. The SME mechanism is clarified in detail, along with the crystallization and melting behaviors, dynamic mechanical properties, and morphologies of PLA/PCL blends. It is confirmed that the crystallinity of reversible phase PCL, the glass transition behav...

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“…Apart from material alterations, for example, by decreasing the degree of crystallinity by incorporating ethylene monomer segments to PP or by blending PP with other thermoplastics, changes in the processing can significantly improve the warpage behavior of 3D‐printed PP components. Hämäläinen, for example, found that the degree of warpage of 3D‐printed PP is highly dependent on the geometry of the component that is processed.…”

Section: The Big Issue Of Warpage For 3d‐printed Ppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene: A review on how to improve dimensional inaccuracy and warpage

Spoerk

Holzer

González-Gutiérrez

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

201

172

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Material extrusion-based additive manufacturing (ME-AM) is an emerging processing technique that is characterized by the selective deposition of thermoplastic filaments in a layer-by-layer manner based on digital part models. Recently, it has attracted considerable attention, as this technique offers manifold benefits over conventional manufacturing technologies. However, to meet the challenges of complex industrial applications, certain shortcomings of ME-AM still need to be overcome. A case in point is the limited amount of semicrystalline thermoplastics, which are still not established as reliable, commercial filament materials. Particularly, polypropylene (PP) offers attractive properties that are unique among the ME-AM material portfolio. This review describes the current approaches of fabricating PP components by ME-AM. Both commercial and scientific strategies to make PP 3D-printable are elaborated and compared. As dimensional issues are especially problematic for PP, a comprehensive section of this review focuses on the strategies developed for mitigating warpage for PP parts fabricated by ME-AM.

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Shape memory effect of three-dimensional printed products based on polypropylene/nylon 6 alloy

Cited by 50 publications

References 32 publications

Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(lactic acid) with improved printability and processability for fused deposition modeling

Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(lactic acid) with improved printability and processability for fused deposition modeling

Favorable Thermoresponsive Shape Memory Effects of 3D Printed Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(ε‐Caprolactone) Blends Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modeling

Material extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene: A review on how to improve dimensional inaccuracy and warpage

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