Shape and size variation on the wing of Drosophila mediopunctata: influence of chromosome inversions and genotype-environment interaction

Abstract

The second chromosome of Drosophila mediopunctata is highly polymorphic for inversions. Previous work reported a significant interaction between these inversions and collecting date on wing size, suggesting the presence of genotype-environment interaction. We performed experiments in the laboratory to test for the joint effects of temperature and chromosome inversions on size and shape of the wing in D. mediopunctata. Size was measured as the centroid size, and shape was analyzed using the generalized least squares Procrustes superimposition followed by discriminant analysis and canonical variates analysis of partial warps and uniform components scores. Our findings show that wing size and shape are influenced by temperature, sex, and karyotype. We also found evidence suggestive of an interaction between the effects of karyotype and temperature on wing shape, indicating the existence of genotype-environment interaction for this trait in D. mediopunctata. In addition, the association between wing size and chromosome inversions is in agreement with previous results indicating that these inversions might be accumulating alleles adapted to different temperatures. However, no significant interaction between temperature and karyotype for size was found--in spite of the significant presence of temperature-genotype (cross) interaction. We suggest that other ecological factors--such as larval crowding--or seasonal variation of genetic content within inversions may explain the previous results.

Unexpected long-term changes in chromosome inversion frequencies in a Neotropical Drosophila species

“…This pattern suggests that natural selection is maintaining the observed variation (Ananina et al 2004, Klaczko 2006. Hatadani & Klaczko (2008) showed that Drosophila mediopunctata wing size and shape were influenced by second chromosome karyotype, sex, and temperature under controlled laboratory conditions. They also found evidence of interaction between karyotype and temperature on wing shape, suggesting the existence of genotype-environment interaction on this character, and that this interaction may be correlated with temperature differences across seasons.…”

Evolution of the male genitalia: morphological variation of the aedeagi in a natural population of Drosophila mediopunctata

“…Bitner-Mathé et al (1995) found a genotype (karyotype for inversions) 9 environment (collecting date) for wing size, as well as a clear effect of karyotype on wing shape. In the laboratory, Hatadani and Klaczko (2008) showed a clear influence of karyotype on size and shape of the wing. Finally, from a geographical standpoint, we found that populations that lie on the Serra da Matiqueira show high frequencies (*50%) of DA-PA0 while this haplotype is rare in Southern Brazilian populations (unpublished data and Ananina et al 2004).…”

Comparative analysis of adaptive and neutral markers ofDrosophila mediopunctatapopulations dispersed among forest fragments

“…Thus, to avoid biases on the genetic structure estimates by hitchhiking effect due to selection on chromosome inversions (Kennington & Hoffmann, 2013;Santos et al, 2016), one may use microsatellite loci located in the inversion-free chromosomes (Cavasini, Batista, & Klaczko, 2015;Laborda, Gazaffi, Garcia, & Souza, 2012). On the other hand, adaptive responses can be inferred from chromosome II inversion polymorphism, which is associated with variation in other traits that affect fitness, such as size and shape of the wing and genitalia and polychromatism (Andrade, Vieira, Ananina, & Klaczko, 2009;Bitner-Mathé, Peixoto, & Klaczko, 1995;Hatadani & Klaczko, 2008;Hatadani, Baptista, Souza, & Klaczko, 2004). Furthermore, chromosome II inversion polymorphism shows correlation with climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) congruent with an altitudinal cline and seasonal cycling variation described for the natural population from Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro State (Ananina et al, 2004;Batista et al, 2012;Klaczko, 2006).…”