Shake Table Testing of a Utility-Scale Wind Turbine

Prowell, Ian; Uang, Chia‐Ming; Elgamal, Ahmed; Luco, J. Enrique; Guo, Lanhui

doi:10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0000391

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, experimental and numerical investigations have shown that interaction between earthquake, aerodynamics, and operational loads is important in accurately determining ultimate demand for wind turbines. [4][5][6] This interaction takes the form of state dependent damping, as well as relative orientation and temporal correlation between maxima. Turbine specific simulation tools, such as the FAST code, 7 are capable of directly accounting for interaction of independent sources of excitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simplified Approach for Implicitly Considering Aerodynamics in the Seismic Response of Utility Scale Wind Turbines

Asareh¹,

Prowell²

2012

53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials ConferenceSelf Cite

10
4
12
0

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For large turbines in regions of high seismic hazard, earthquake excitation is important to consider when developing extreme loads. Turbine specific codes that directly simulate aerodynamics and seismic loading are often unfamiliar for civil engineers involved in site specific permitting. For this reason, a simplified procedure that produces equivalent results for the combination of independently calculated aerodynamic and seismic loads is desirable. In this work, results from direct simulations of coupled aerodynamic and earthquake loads are compared with those from superposition of individual analyses to assess and advise on the suitability of such an approach. Results from different loading cases show that direct simulation can be approximated through a combination of loads from independent simulations by using an appropriate level of viscous damping for seismic response. It is shown that, for the considered turbine, the presence of aerodynamics requires the use of higher equivalent viscous damping to approximate the seismic demand while under operation through conventional earthquake analysis procedures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%

A Simplified Approach for Implicitly Considering Aerodynamics in the Seismic Response of Utility Scale Wind Turbines
Asareh¹,
Prowell²
2012
53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials ConferenceSelf Cite
10
4
12
0
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“…A study on the seismic response of a 65‐kW wind turbine at the Large High Performance Outdoor Shake Table (LHPOST) at UCSD was conducted in 2004 . In addition, a more extensive study of the same 65‐kW wind turbine at the same location that included parked and operating states, configuration and levels of shaking and denser instrumentation in 2010 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%

Vertical earthquake response of megawatt‐sized wind turbine with soil‐structure interaction effects
Kjørlaug
¹
,
Kaynia
²

2015
Earthq Engng Struct Dyn
59
1
19
0
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Summary The dynamic response of a wind turbine on monopile is studied under horizontal and vertical earthquake excitations. The analyses are carried out using the finite element program SAP2000. The finite element model of the structure is verified against the results of shake table tests, and the earthquake response of the soil model is verified against analytical solutions of the steady‐state response of homogeneous strata. The focus of the analyses in this paper is the vertical earthquake response of wind turbines including the soil‐structure interaction effects. The analyses are carried out for both a non‐homogeneous stratum and a deep soil using the three‐step method. In addition, a procedure is implemented which allows one to perform coupled soil‐structure interaction analyses by properly tuning the damping in the tower structure. The analyses show amplification of the ground surface acceleration to the top of the tower by a factor of two. These accelerations are capable of causing damage in the turbine and the tower structure, or malfunctioning of the turbine after the earthquake; therefore, vertical earthquake excitation is considered a potential critical loading in design of wind turbines even in low‐to‐moderate seismic areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…As expected, the higher damping, being normally associated with the operational state of spinning rotor (i.e., aerodynamics effect), reduced the seismic demand, which was also influenced by the direction (i.e., fore‐aft and side‐side) that the ground shaking was subjected to the aforementioned test specimen . Additionally, in agreement with previous findings (e.g.,), the seismic demand for the particular wind turbine of limited height and energy capacity was found to be primarily governed by the first‐mode response, while the latter is not valid for the modern and higher turbines, in which the higher modes are expected to have significant contribution to the demand parameters (e.g.,).…”

Section: Experimental Evaluation Of Wind Turbine Seismic Responsementioning
confidence: 99%

Wind turbines and seismic hazard: a state-of-the-art review
Katsanos
¹
,
Thöns
²
,
Georgakis
³

2016
Wind Energ.
106
0
44
0
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Wind energy is a rapidly growing field of renewable energy and as such, intensive scientific and societal interest has been already attracted. Research on wind turbine structures has been mostly focused on the structural analysis, design and/or assessment of wind turbines mainly against normal (environmental) exposures while, so far, only marginal attention has been spent on considering extreme natural hazards that threat the reliability of the lifetime-oriented wind turbine's performance. Especially, recent installations of numerous wind turbines in earthquake prone areas worldwide (e.g., China, USA, India, Southern Europe and East Asia) highlight the necessity for thorough consideration of the seismic implications on these energy harnessing systems. Along these lines, this state-of-the-art paper presents a comparative survey of the published research relevant to the seismic analysis, design and assessment of wind turbines. Based on numerical simulation, either deterministic or probabilistic approaches are reviewed, since they have been adopted to investigate the sensitivity of wind turbines' structural capacity and reliability in earthquake-induced loading. The relevance of seismic hazard for wind turbines is further enlightened by available experimental studies, being also comprehensively reported through this paper. The main contribution of the study presented herein is to identify the key factors for wind turbines' seismic performance while important milestones for ongoing and future advancement are emphasized.

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Shake Table Testing of a Utility-Scale Wind Turbine

Cited by 27 publications

References 7 publications

A Simplified Approach for Implicitly Considering Aerodynamics in the Seismic Response of Utility Scale Wind Turbines

A Simplified Approach for Implicitly Considering Aerodynamics in the Seismic Response of Utility Scale Wind Turbines

Vertical earthquake response of megawatt‐sized wind turbine with soil‐structure interaction effects

Wind turbines and seismic hazard: a state-of-the-art review

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