Shadow education—Opportunity for development

Győri, János Gordon

doi:10.1111/ejed.12415

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Recently, shadow education has witnessed growing recognition from researchers, educators, and policymakers owing to its influential implications for social equality, economic growth, and the operation of formal education systems (Entrich, 2021 ). This is evidenced by its increasing presence not only in books (e.g., Bray & Lykins, 2012 ; Bray et al, 2020a , 2020b ; Bray, 2021a ; Entrich, 2018a , 2018b ; Kim & Jung, 2019 ) but also in special issues in scholarly journals, such as Asia Pacific Education Review (Bray & Lee, 2010 ), East China Normal University Review of Education (Zhang & Bray, 2019 ), European Journal of Education (Gordon Györi, 2020 ), and Orbis Scholae (Šťastný & Kobakhidze, 2020 ). UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring Report (GEM) ( 2021 ) of nonstate actors in education also recognizes the focal role that shadow education can play in education systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bibliometric mapping of shadow education research: achievements, limitations, and the future

Hajar

2022

Asia Pacific Educ. Rev.

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This study aims to map the literature on shadow education using metadata extracted from 488 publications indexed in the Web of Science database. It is termed as shadow education because much of its content mimics what is learned in schools. The study uses bibliometric procedures to describe and visually represent available literature on shadow education in terms of main sources, key authors, institutions, and countries leading the production and dissemination of research on shadow education. Further, the study elaborates on h-classics publications to obtain an in-depth understanding of the most influential scientific outputs in this domain. Key findings of the study are that research on shadow education (a) has experienced steady growth over the last decade; (b) is disseminated through a wide range of outlets, mainly in the disciplines of sociology of education, economics of education, educational psychology, and language education; (c) is published mainly by scholars working in East Asia and the United States; (d) has focused on tangible (quantifiable) benefits related to improved examination results; and (e) reveals how this form of instruction primarily benefits students hailing from high socioeconomic backgrounds, thereby contributing to greater educational inequality. This study also suggests pedagogical implications and areas for ongoing research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bibliometric mapping of shadow education research: achievements, limitations, and the future

Hajar

2022

Asia Pacific Educ. Rev.

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“…Such tutoring is widely called shadow education because to a large extent it mimics regular schooling: as the size and content of schooling change, so do the size and content of the shadow (Bray, 1999;Wiseman, 2021;Zwier et al, 2021). The metaphor is not perfect, because the mimicry is imprecise: some components of private tutoring are delivered ahead of coverage in school, and other components go beyond the school curriculum rather than being tightly constrained by mimicry (Bray et al, 2015;Gordon Győri, 2020). Nevertheless the metaphor is useful as a broad descriptor, and it conveys the meaning of a supplement rather than a substitute for schooling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Border Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Global Education Industry

Bray

Zhang

2022

REEC

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This paper focuses on the so-called shadow education provision of private supplementary tutoring by companies operating internationally. Some have a history of decades, while others are younger and emerged to take advantage of technological developments. Contributing to analysis of the Global Education Industry, the paper notes variations in the penetration and manifestation across world regions. In so doing, it draws on theories of isomorphism, while noting divergence as well as convergence in institutional models. The analysis includes remarks on regulatory regimes, many of which permit and even facilitate such international companies, but some of which – most obviously in China – restrict their operation. Thus, conceptually the paper analyses patterns with understanding of the forces in operation. Some of these forces are economic (pricing, marketing, etc.), but others are political (shaped particularly by government regulations), and social (shaped by different socio-economic groups within the countries in question).

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“…While such tutoring has historically been offered face-to-face, it is increasingly delivered online (Takashiro, 2018). The transition to Internet-based education was accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic that struck the world in 2020 and forced schools to close for extended periods (Gordon Gyori, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Students' perception of private supplementary tutoring during medical undergraduate study in some Egyptian universities

Issa

Aaty

Gaber

et al. 2022

JARHE

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PurposeThe current work aimed to investigate the private tutoring phenomenon among Egyptian medical faculty students.Design/methodology/approachThe present work is a cross-sectional observational study using an online, anonymous questionnaire disseminated to Egyptian medical students and instructors via social platforms and university e-mails. All subjects involved in the survey gave informed consent to begin the questionnaire. No financial incentives were awarded to finish the questionnaire.FindingsIn total, 79.2% of the surveyed students (n = 198) admitted taking private medical courses during their medical study courses till the date of the survey. The Egyptian students, 68.4% (n = 171), markedly surpassed the non-Egyptian participants (n = 79, 31.6%). Males were nearly double the female participants (n = 162 and 88 consecutively).The highest academic-level-seeking private medical tutoring was the fifth-year students (n = 66, 26.4%).Research limitations/implicationsA large sample size is needed to strengthen the statistical power and permit the generalization over the population, so more research work in this aspect is recommended. Also, subject-specific data in private medical tutoring need to be investigated in future works. Similar global work is recommended to allow better comparison of data worldwide.Originality/valueWhen conceptualizing medical education processes and developing its regulations, the dynamics of private medical instruction should be taken into account, especially concerning socioeconomic inequities and efficiency in medical school systems. This work has been the first to investigate the private tutoring phenomenon among Egyptian medical students to the authors' best knowledge.

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Shadow education—Opportunity for development

Cited by 13 publications

References 8 publications

A bibliometric mapping of shadow education research: achievements, limitations, and the future

A bibliometric mapping of shadow education research: achievements, limitations, and the future

Cross-Border Shadow Education: Private Supplementary Tutoring in the Global Education Industry

Students' perception of private supplementary tutoring during medical undergraduate study in some Egyptian universities

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