Sexually active groups in cattle—A novel estrus sign

Abstract

The current study presents a novel objective measure for characterizing sexually active groups (SAG 3-5) and relates this measure to other behaviors of lactating Holstein-Friesian cows. Cows in SAG 3-5 were required to participate in a minimum of 1 estrus behavior per 5min while staying within 3m (2 cow lengths) of its partner(s) for a minimum of 5min. Twenty Holstein-Friesian cows were video-monitored continuously through 1 complete estrous cycle (22d). Standing behavior, SAG 3-5, secondary estrus signs (SEC), and other social and agonistic behaviors were recorded continuously. The period of mounting estrus (MTE) was divided into the 3 parts: prestand, standing estrus (STE), and poststand. The mean durations of MTE, prestand, STE, and poststand period were 12.9±1.84, 4.0±1.93, 7.1±1.44, and 1.8±0.57h (n=13). The fractions of time spent in SAG 3-5 during MTE, prestand, STE, and poststand period were 13, 8, 19, and 1% (n=11). During MTE, cows participated, on average, in 5.8±1.24 SAG 3-5 and initiated 9.5±2.99 mounts, with mean durations of 0.25±0.03h and 4.00±0.36s, respectively. The novel measure SAG 3-5 was a sign of long duration not confined only to groups of STE cows. On one day when no cows were in estrus and during the periods 4 to 24h before and after MTE, no SAG 3-5 behaviors were observed. Luteal-phase cows participated in SAG 3-5 only when the partner was a single cow in estrus. The time spent in SAG 3-5 increased between 1 and 3h before MTE and the prestand period (3 vs. 8%) and reached a peak level during STE. From STE to poststand, time spent in SAG 3-5 decreased considerably (19 vs. 1%). The observed decrease in nonmutual agonistic behaviors 4 to 24h before MTE is suggested as an early sign of pre-estrus. Changes in SAG 3-5, agonistic behaviors, and SEC are suggested as indicators of the specific stages of MTE. Increased SEC initiated and SAG 3-5 were indicators of late pre-estrus and early estrus (prestand). Peak levels of SAG 3-5, SEC, and social agonistic behaviors were indicators of STE. A sudden decrease in behaviors, preceded by frequent interactions, was indicative of late estrus (poststand). On the basis of the findings reported here, we propose that SAG 3-5, as well as proceptive and receptive patterns of SEC and agonistic behaviors, be included in estrus detection protocols. Updated knowledge of these behavioral interactions may assist when determining the stage of estrus and the optimal time to breed dairy cows.

Automated and visual measurements of estrous behavior and their sources of variation in Holstein heifers. II: Standing and lying patterns

“…Helmer and Britt [16] related increased mounting activity when the number of heifers in estrus increased from one to five. Formation of sexually active groups was also identified by Sveberg et al [17] as a reliable sign of estrus. It seems that more cows in estrus at a time facilitates behavioral interactions but does not affect ST and LY patterns when recorded by the current automated device for groups of two or three animals simultaneously in estrus.…”

The economic impact of subclinical ketosis at the farm level: Tackling the challenge of over-estimation due to multiple interactions

“…SCK is not an infectious disease, but extra culling was nonetheless considered for high SCK prevalence. The literature has reported the positive impact of a "sexually active group" dynamism in herds on reproduction performance (Sveberg et al, 2013) that leads to extra difficulties in oestrus detection and then extra culling as a result. The sexually active group represents a higher probability of oestrus manifestation and detection by farmers if several cows are in oestrus simultaneously compared with only one cow in oestrus at a given time.…”

A longitudinal study of oestrous characteristics and conception in tie-stalled and loose-housed Swedish dairy cows

“…anxiety, which was detected more frequently for cows in the loose-housing system. One reason of the differences observed could be that more female-female interactions are expressed by loosehoused cows staying close to each other in sexually active groups (Cutullic et al, 2009;Sveberg et al, 2013). Furthermore, in theory STBM and mounting can only be expressed in the loose-housing systems.…”