Sexual Prejudice in Sport Scale: A New Measure

Abstract

This study describes the process of developing and validating the Sexual Prejudice in Sport Scale (SPSS), which is a multidimensional instrument developed to assess attitudes toward lesbians and gay men (LG) in sports. The authors conducted two studies, first to establish the factor structure of the SPSS on 297 heterosexual athletes and secondly to test the reliability and validity of the resulting 19-item scale on a sample of 311 heterosexual and 160 LG athletes. Exploratory factor analysis of an initial item pool yielded three-factors: openrejection, which assesses the blatant prejudice expressed toward LG people; denial of visibility, which evaluates attitude toward the coming-out of LG people; and gendering performance, which corresponds to gender stereotypes about performance/skills of LG people. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the stability of the SPSS. The authors documented internal consistency, test-retest stability, and convergent/divergent validity. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Heteronormativity in Italy: Psychometric Characteristics of the Italian Version of the Heteronormative Attitudes and Beliefs Scale

“…In Italy, some measures grounded in the sexual and gender prejudice framework exist, such as the Modern Homophobia Scale (Lingiardi et al, 2016), the Homophobia Scale (Ciocca et al, 2015), the Sexual Prejudice in Sport Scale (Baiocco, Pistella, Salvati, Ioverno, & Lucidi, 2020), the Transgender Identity Survey (Scandurra, Amodeo, Bochicchio, Valerio, & Frost, 2017), or the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Scale (Scandurra et al, 2020). However, specific measures on heteronormativity are lacking.…”

Sexual Prejudice in the Portuguese Political Context

“…Initially, the researchers conducted a translation and adaptation of the Sexual Prejudice in Sports Scale by Baiocco et al (2018) to create the Sexual Prejudice Scale in the Portuguese political context (SPSPPC). This process included a forward translation, an expert panel back-translation, pre-testing, and cognitive interviewing, until researchers obtained a final version of the SPSPPC.…”

“…The Sexual Prejudice Scale in the Portuguese Political Context consists of a translation and adaptation of Baiocco et al's (2018) "Sexual Prejudice in Sports Scale" to the Portuguese political context. The original scale assesses negative attitudes and prejudice toward lesbian and gay (LG) individuals in athletic contexts (Baiocco et al 2018). The Sexual Prejudice Scale in the Portuguese political context assesses negative attitudes and prejudice toward LGB individuals in the Portuguese political context.…”

“…The Sexual Prejudice Scale in the Portuguese political context assesses negative attitudes and prejudice toward LGB individuals in the Portuguese political context. As in the original scale, each of the 19 items is associated with a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1-strongly disagree to 7-strongly agree, with higher scores signifying more negative attitudes and prejudice toward LG people (Baiocco et al 2018). According to the original scale, the first factor, Open Rejection, consists of seven items and reflects the open prejudice expressed toward LG individuals.…”

“…Sexual prejudice is a prevalent phenomenon in our society and research into this topic has been of interest to social scientists since the 1970s (Herek 2000b). It is a broad concept that includes homophobia, homonegativity, heterosexism, and, more recently, transphobia and biphobia (Baiocco et al 2018).…”