Sexual Dimorphism and Foraging Behavior of Emerald Toucanets Aulacorhynchus prasinus in Costa Rica

Frugivory by Toucans (Ramphastidae) at Two Altitudes in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil1

“…Non-fruit records, however, were not restricted to the dry season and seemed to be distributed evenly throughout the year. Riley and Smith (1986) eating by Aulacorbyncus prdsinus in Costa Rica was not related to fruit scarcity. Thus, it seems that toucans eat non-fruit items on a regular basis, but in small amounts, which can increase during the breeding period (Riley 1986).…”

“…Riley and Smith (1986) eating by Aulacorbyncus prdsinus in Costa Rica was not related to fruit scarcity. Thus, it seems that toucans eat non-fruit items on a regular basis, but in small amounts, which can increase during the breeding period (Riley 1986). A high proportion of feeding observations was made on common plants at both study sites.…”

“…In spite of their conspicuousness, however, toucans are very difficult to study in the wild because they live in the forest canopy, are rarely captured in mist nets, and usually have large territories (Terborgh et al 1990). Of the 42 extant species, we have more than a minimum knowledge of ecology and natural history for only a few species, mainly those inhabiting Costa Rica and Panama (Skutch 1944(Skutch , 1958(Skutch , 1971(Skutch , 1972Stiles & Skutch 1989;Beltran 1992;Riley & Smith 1992). Toucans have a broad diet that includes mainly fruits, but also flowers, arthropods, and small vertebrates (Remsen et al 1993).…”

Misuse of Data from Mist-Net Captures to Assess Relative Abundance in Bird Populations

“…Data on intraspecific differences in flight distances or flight frequencies also are scarce. Rabenold (1980), Waide (1981), and Riley and Smith (1992) found substantial seasonal differences in flight distances. Gochfeld and Burger (1984) and McDonald and Smith (1994) found significant differences in movement rates of adult versus young birds.…”

Efeitos de fatores meteorológicos e do habitat no comportamento de forrageamento de tiranídeos (Aves, Tyrannidae) nos campos da Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, São Paulo

“…Segundo os autores, a incorporação de registros sequenciais do comportamento de forrageamento em uma única amostra permite evitar problemas de dependência que surgem quando cada registro sequencial é tratado como uma amostra individual. Airola & Barret (1985), Alguns autores, especialmente na década de 90, analisaram seus dados sequenciais com as cadeias de Markov (Setz & Hoyos, 1985;Hejl et al, 1990;Raphael, 1990;Riley & Smith, 1992). Considera-se um processo estocástico com características Markovianas quando as distribuições de probabilidades para passos futuros do processo dependem somente do estado presente, independente dos estados anteriores (cadeia de primeira ordem), ou seja, ao considerarmos o estado presente, passado e futuro são independentes entre si (Setz &Hoyos 1985, Raphael, 1990.…”