“…Early studies, often employing content analysis or structured questionnaires, seek to logically disavow the "constructions" placed upon heavy metal song lyrics and values, viewing the youth culture as no more significant than any other varieties, which have perennially upset the moral majority in times past (Tanner 1981;Bennett and Ferrell 1987;Leming 1987;Rosenbaum and Prinsky 1987;Prinsky and Rosenbaum 1987). Other studies seek to engage with and attempt to contest the negative framing of heavy metal youth culture, by drawing on sociological theories of deviance, arguing that, "the stigmatization of the heavy metal subculture as deviant […] is a classic example of the labeling process" (Friesen 1990, p. 74;see also, Prinsky and Rosenbaum 1991) likely to confirm the delinquent "careers" of publicly stigmatized youth.…”