Sex‐specific expression and DNA methylation in a species with extreme sexual dimorphism and paternal genome elimination

Bain, Stevie A.; Marshall, Hollie; Filia, Andrés G de la; Laetsch, Dominik R.; Husník, Filip; Ross, Laura

doi:10.1111/mec.15842

Cited by 29 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Sex-specific differences have been reported in IA outcomes ( Vlak et al, 2011 ) and many gene DNA methylation rates ( Bain et al, 2021 ). Compared with males, the females had a much incidence of unruptured aneurysms, as well as a much higher risk of rupture ( Yanagisawa et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco Smoking Increases Methylation of Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 1 Promoter in Intracranial Aneurysms

Wang

Zhou

Zhao

et al. 2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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DNA methylation at the gene promoter region is reportedly involved in the development of intracranial aneurysm (IA). This study aims to investigate the methylation levels of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) in IA, as well as its potential to predict IA. Forty-eight patients with IA and 48 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited into this study. Methylation levels of CpG sites were determined via bisulfite pyrosequencing. The PTBP1 levels in the blood were determined using a real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test. Significant differences were found between IAs and controls in CpG1 (p = 0.001), CpG2 (p < 0.001), CpG3 (p = 0.037), CpG4 (p = 0.003), CpG5 (p = 0.006), CpG6 (p = 0.02), and mean methylation (p < 0.001). The mRNA level of PTBP1 in the blood was much lower in IAs compared with controls (p = 0.002), and the PTBP1 expression was significantly associated with DNA methylation promoter levels in individuals (r = −0.73, p < 0.0001). In addition, stratification analysis comparing smokers and non-smokers revealed that tobacco smokers had significantly higher levels of DNA methylation in PTBP1 than non-smokers (p = 0.002). However, no statistical difference in PTBP1 methylation was found between ruptured and unruptured IA groups (p > 0.05). The ROC analyses of curves revealed that PTBP1 methylation may be a predictor of IA regardless of sex (both sexes, area under curve (AUC) = 0.78, p < 0.0001; male, AUC = 0.76, p = 0.002; female, AUC = 0.79, p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that long-term tobacco smoke exposure led to DNA methylation in the promoter region of the PTBP1 gene, which further decreased PTBP1 gene expression and participated in the pathogenesis of IA. The methylation of PTBP1 may be a potential predictive marker for the occurrence of IA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco Smoking Increases Methylation of Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 1 Promoter in Intracranial Aneurysms

Wang

Zhou

Zhao

et al. 2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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“…Before exploring whether the presence of B chromosomes can differentially affect males and females, particularly during meiosis, we compared the gene expression profiles of our male and female RNA-seq samples in order to identify sex-biased expression and confirm we captured the right developmental stage. The 2nd instar stage is critical as it corresponds to the onset of reproductive tissue maturation, but also to the establishment of diverging developmental pathways: at later larval stages and adulthood, mealybugs exhibit striking sexual dimorphism (Vea et al 2016;Bain et al 2021) ). Therefore, our RNA-seq data gives us the opportunity to directly examine sex-specific differences in gene expression at late 2nd instar stage (Fig.…”

Section: Sex-biased Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The B chromosome of Pseudococcus viburni: a selfish chromosome that exploits whole-genome meiotic drive

Vea

Filia

Jaroň

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Meiosis, the key process underlying sexual reproduction, is generally a fair process: each chromosome has a 50% chance of being included into each gamete. However in some organisms meiosis has become highly aberrant with some chromosomes having a higher chance of making it into gametes than others. Yet why and how such systems evolve remains unclear. Here we study the unusual reproductive genetics of mealybugs, in which only maternal-origin chromosomes are included into the gametes during male meiosis, while paternally-derived chromosomes degrade. This whole genome meiotic drive occurs in all males and is evolutionarily conserved. However one species - the obscure mealybug Pseudococcus viburni - has a segregating B chromosome that increases in frequency by escaping paternal genome elimination. Here we present whole-genome and gene expression data from laboratory lines with and without B chromosomes. These data allow us to identify B-linked sequences including >70 protein-coding genes as well as a B-specific satellite repeat that makes up a significant proportion of the chromosome. We also used these data to investigate the evolutionary origin of the B chromosome. The few paralogs between the B and the core genome are distributed throughout the genome, showing that it is unlikely that the B originated through a simple duplication of one of the autosomes. We also find that while many of the B-linked genes do not have paralogs within the P.viburni genome, but they do show orthology with genes in other hemipteran insects suggesting that the B might have originated from fission of one of the autosomes, possibly followed by further translocations of individual genes. Finally in order to understand the mechanisms by which the B is able to escape elimination when paternally-derived we generated gene expression data for males and females with and without B chromosomes. We find that at the developmental stage when meiosis is taking place only a small number of B-linked genes show significant expression. Only one gene was significantly over-expressed during male meiosis, which is when the drive occurs: a acetyltransferase involved in H3K56Ac, which has a putative role in meiosis and is therefore a promising candidate for further studies. Together, these results form a promising foundation for studying the mechanisms of meiotic drive in a system that is uniquely suited for this approach.

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“…Sex-specific Insects 2021, 12, 533 2 of 12 genome-wide transcriptional profiling has repeatedly revealed large numbers of sex-biased genes across a wide range of taxa [5]. Yet it remains unclear exactly how insect sex-biased transcriptional profiles are programmed epigenetically, although recently multiple studies have explored sex-biased DNA methylation patterns [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male-Biased microRNA Discovery in the Pea Aphid

Liu

Culbert

Brisson

2021

Insects

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Epigenetic mechanisms modulate gene expression levels during development, shaping how a single genome produces a diversity of phenotypes. Here, we begin to explore the epigenetic regulation of sexual dimorphism in pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) by focusing on microRNAs. Previous analyses of microRNAs in aphids have focused solely on females, so we performed deep sequencing of a sample containing early-stage males. We used this sample, plus samples from Genbank, to find 207 novel pea aphid microRNA coding loci. We localized microRNA loci to a chromosome-level assembly of the pea aphid genome and found that those on the X chromosome have lower overall expression compared to those on autosomes. We then identified a set of 19 putative male-biased microRNAs and found them enriched on the X chromosome. Finally, we performed protein-coding RNA-Seq of first instar female and male pea aphids to identify genes with lower expression in males. 10 of these genes were predicted targets of the 19 male-biased microRNAs. Our study provides the most complete set of microRNAs in the pea aphid to date and serves as foundational work for future studies on the epigenetic control of sexual dimorphism.

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Sex‐specific expression and DNA methylation in a species with extreme sexual dimorphism and paternal genome elimination

Cited by 29 publications

References 85 publications

Tobacco Smoking Increases Methylation of Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 1 Promoter in Intracranial Aneurysms

Tobacco Smoking Increases Methylation of Polypyrimidine Tract Binding Protein 1 Promoter in Intracranial Aneurysms

The B chromosome of Pseudococcus viburni: a selfish chromosome that exploits whole-genome meiotic drive

Male-Biased microRNA Discovery in the Pea Aphid

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