Sex (similarities and) differences in friendship jealousy

Krems, Jaimie Arona; Williams, Keelah E. G.; Merrie, Laureon A.; Kenrick, Douglas T.; Aktipis, Athena

doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.11.005

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…R. Soc. B 378: 20210441 presumably because women invest more in their friendships (making them harder to replace) and face a greater risk of personal information being exposed given the high levels of self-disclosure during intimacy development [45]. Thus, not only do women respond to stress with affiliative behaviour, but they also create and maintain relationships that may be particularly conducive to openness and seeking comfort in times of stress.…”

Section: (C) Other General Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both self-disclosure and emotional support are perceived as important for promoting intimacy among women [39,43], and women's friendships are primarily maintained through support provisioning and being open with one another [44]. Along these lines, women are also more prone to experiencing friendship jealousy over the potential loss of a same-sex friend compared to men, presumably because women invest more in their friendships (making them harder to replace) and face a greater risk of personal information being exposed given the high levels of self-disclosure during intimacy development [45]. Thus, not only do women respond to stress with affiliative behaviour, but they also create and maintain relationships that may be particularly conducive to openness and seeking comfort in times of stress.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Women's Social Tiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thriving together: the benefits of women's social ties for physical, psychological and relationship health

Bedrov

Gable

2022

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The relationship between social support and well-being is well established in social psychology, with evidence suggesting that these benefits are especially prominent among women. When faced with an environmental stressor, women are more likely to adopt a tend-and-befriend strategy rather than fight-or-flight. Furthermore, female friendships tend to be higher in self-disclosure and more frequently relied on for social support, which is associated with physical and psychological benefits. Women are also more effective at providing social support, further augmenting those benefits. We begin with an overview of the characteristics of women's social ties and how they can be especially useful in times of stress. We then transition to the benefits of female social networks even in the absence of negative events and incorporate research from health and social psychology to consider the positive implications of having strong social bonds and the negative implications of lacking such bonds. Additionally, we consider cross-cultural differences in tendencies to seek out social support and its subsequent benefits, as well as the need for more research with culturally diverse samples. It remains unclear the extent to which patterns of social support benefits for women vary cross-culturally. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.

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Section: (C) Other General Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characteristics Of Women's Social Tiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thriving together: the benefits of women's social ties for physical, psychological and relationship health

Bedrov

Gable

2022

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Section: Present Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The threat of losing a friend to a third party has been shown to elicit more jealousy in women than in men ( Krems et al, 2022 ), who also worry more about replacement threats than men ( Reynolds & Palmer-Hague, 2022 ). Although this sex difference is proposed to stem from the different structure and function of women's and men's friendships ( Dunbar, 2018 ; Hall, 2011 ; Krems et al, 2022 ; Pearce et al, 2021 ), it might also be due to the more precarious stability of women's friendships. In adolescence ( Benenson & Christakos, 2003 ) and in adulthood ( Dunbar & Machin, 2014 ; Reynolds & Palmer-Hague, 2022 ), women's friendships are more fragile than men's, a fragility that often stems from jealousy ( Dunbar & Machin, 2014 ).…”

Section: Present Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Media Friendship Jealousy

Vaillancourt,

Brittain,

Eriksson

et al. 2024

Evol Psychol

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A new measure to assess friendship jealousy in the context of social media was developed. This one-factor, seven-item measure was psychometrically sound, showing evidence of validity and reliability in three samples of North American adults (Study 1, n = 491; Study 2, n = 494; Study 3, n = 415) and one-, two-, and three-year stability (Study 3). Women reported more social media friendship jealousy than men (Studies 2 and 3) and younger women had the highest levels of social media friendship jealousy (compared with younger men and older men and women; Study 2). Social media friendship jealousy was associated with lower friendship quality (Study 1) and higher social media use and trait jealousy (Study 2). The relation between social media friendship jealousy and internalizing symptoms indicated positive within time associations and longitudinal bidirectional relations (Study 3). Specifically, social media friendship jealousy predicted increases in internalizing problems, and internalizing problems predicted greater social media friendship jealousy accounting for gender and trait levels of social media friendship jealousy and internalizing problems. Anxious and depressed adults may be predisposed to monitor threats to their friendships via social media and experience negative consequences because of this behavior. Although social media interactions can be associated with positive well-being and social connectedness, our results highlight that they can also undermine friendships and mental health due to jealousy.

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“…Girls also create more exclusive friendships than boys do (Gest et al, 2007;Savin-Williams, 1980). Several North American studies further suggest that when close same-sex friendships end, girls and women experience both greater distress (Benenson & Christakos, 2003;Tracy, 1991), and more jealousy should their friends replace them with another same-sex peer (Krems et al, 2021;Parker et al, 2005) than their male counterparts do.…”

Section: Tactic 1: Avoid Female Competitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Females as a Dispersal-Egalitarian Species: A Hypothesis about Women and Status

Benenson

2022

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

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Objectives A paradox exists in research on girls and women. On the one hand, they behave in a more egalitarian fashion than their male counterparts. On the other hand, status increases their own and their children's survival. Methods Evidence from non-human primates can help reconcile these findings. In species that do not reside with female kin for life, females are relatively egalitarian and individualistic. They typically do not cooperate or engage in direct competition and exhibit little tolerance for status differentials. Results and ConclusionsWomen follow this pattern. While a husband's status and her female relatives' support enhance a woman's status and reproductive success, her own actions too influence her access to resources and allies. Evidence on girls' and women's same-sex competition and quests for status supports the hypothesis that human females inhabit dispersal-egalitarian communities in which competition is avoided, an egalitarian ethos prevails, competitive behavior is disguised, and status differentials are not tolerated.

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Sex (similarities and) differences in friendship jealousy

Cited by 12 publications

References 88 publications

Thriving together: the benefits of women's social ties for physical, psychological and relationship health

Thriving together: the benefits of women's social ties for physical, psychological and relationship health

Social Media Friendship Jealousy

Human Females as a Dispersal-Egalitarian Species: A Hypothesis about Women and Status

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