Sex roles and the link between fertility and employment

Booth, Alan; Duvall, Donna

doi:10.1007/bf00287769

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Ten studies found significant inverse associations between women’s empowerment and number of children (Audinarayana, 1997; Bhattacharya, 1998, 2006; Hari, 1991; Hindin, 2000; Jin, 1995; Kabir et al, 2005a, 2005b; Khan and Raeside, 1997; Manzoor and Mahmood, 1993) while 22 yielded a combination of significant inverse findings and non-significant associations suggesting that the relationship across all empowerment domains is not always consistent or clear (Abadian, 1996; Aghajanian, 1992; Al Riyami and Afifi, 2003a, 2003b; Ali et al, 1995; Ali and Sultan, 1999; Amin et al, 1995; Balk, 1994; Bates et al, 2007; Booth and Duvall, 1981; Goni and Saito, 2010; Gwako, 1997; Hirschman and Guest, 1990; Kravdal, 2001; Larsen and Hollos, 2003; Malhotra et al, 1995; Muhammad and Fernando, 2010; Sanderson, 2001; Sanderson and Dubrow, 2000; Singh et al, 2002; Steele et al, 1998; Vlassoff, 1991; Wasim, 2002; Wickrama and Lorenz, 2002). For example, Abadian (1996) used the 1992 World Demographic Report on 54 countries to analyze whether three empowerment measures: female age at marriage, age difference between spouses, and female secondary education were associated with total fertility rates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature

Upadhyay

Gipson

Withers

et al. 2014

Social Science & Medicine

403

275

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Women’s empowerment has become a focal point for development efforts worldwide and there is a need for an updated, critical assessment of the existing evidence on women’s empowerment and fertility. We conducted a literature review on studies examining the relationships between women’s empowerment and several fertility-related topics. Among the 60 studies identified for this review, the majority were conducted in South Asia (n = 35) and used household decision-making as a measure of empowerment (n = 37). Overall, the vast majority of studies found some positive associations between women’s empowerment and lower fertility, longer birth intervals, and lower rates of unintended pregnancy, but there was some variation in results. In many studies, results differed based on the measure of empowerment used, sociopolitical or gender environment, or sub-population studied. This article is one of the first evaluations of the literature assessing the relationships between women’s empowerment and fertility. We identify several key issues that merit further investigation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature

Upadhyay

Gipson

Withers

et al. 2014

Social Science & Medicine

403

275

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“…Much of this work was on menstruation and menopause as the subject of themed issues (e.g., volume 46, issue 1-2). Other articles considered effects on fertility and pregnancy of social factors, such as employment opportunities and workplace perceptions (Booth and Duvall 1981;Cunningham and Macan 2007;Falbo et al 1978;Masser et al 2007). Another pair of articles addressed laypersons' knowledge of and reactions to genetic explanations of gendered characteristics (Cole et al 2007;Condit et al 2003).…”

Section: Coverage Of Social Influences On Gendered Biological Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role for Biology in Gender-Related Behavior

2011

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We take the opportunity of the 35th anniversary of Sex Roles to examine the journal and the field of gender research from a biological perspective. We discuss the limited coverage of biological perspectives in the pages of the journal and likely reasons for it in light of historical perspectives on the role of biology in gendered psychological processes and behaviors, review briefly contemporary research on biological (especially hormonal) influences on gender-related behavior, advocate for greater attention to biological perspectives, and suggest ways to integrate biological and socialization approaches into questions of interest to gender researchers.In honor of the journal's 35th anniversary, the editors of Sex Roles are publishing a special series of articles (Frieze and Dittrich 2010). In our paper in this series, we consider the impact of biological factors on gender-related behavior and psychological processes. We are primarily concerned with characteristics that differ in level or form between boys or men and girls or women, most of which also show variations within each gender; we do not address social and political factors that disproportionately affect women's lives (such as sexual harassment or rape). Our domain of focus is usually referred to as gender differences, gender typing, gender-related behavior, or gendered characteristics (e.g., Ruble et al. 2006). We use this paper to consider historical and contemporary work on the biology of sex and gender, examine how these issues have been represented in Sex Roles, speculate about why biological research has not played a larger role than it has, and, finally, suggest some changes to the journal's mission.Why should gender researchers consider the possibility that genes and physiology (such as hormones and brain function) are important for behavior? Sex Roles has consistently been focused on social processes, stereotyping, and experiences of particular relevance to women's lives; this is the stated mission of the journal. But, increasingly, behavior of all types has been shown to be influenced by genes and physiology and mediated by the brain. A complete picture of gender-related behavior necessitates a consideration of biology.

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“…Quant 5 la recherche causale dans le champ de la f6condit~, elle a essentietlement consist6 ~t isoler des sous-populations (L6ry, 1984) dont on supposait la f~condit6 diff6ren-te (les crit~res les plus courants 6tant l'6ducation, l'activit6, la cat6gorie sociale, l'habitat, etc.). Par ailleurs, au plan th6orique, les travaux d~mographiques produits depuis trente ans dans le domaine de la f6condit6 et de l'activit6 f6minine, ont eu tendance 5 accorder une nette priorit6 aux dimensions subjectives et individuelles des ph6nom~nes sans les articuler ~t leur contexte (Booth et Duvall, 1981;Sweet, 1982). De plus, la plupart de ces travaux reposent sur l'id6e d'une incompatibilit6 entre le travail salari6 et les responsabilit6s familiales (Mott et Shapiro, 1979;Kupinsky, 1977;Oppenheimer, 1982).…”

Section: Le Travail Fdminin Comme Concept Dlargiunclassified

Analyse biographique du travail féminin

Kempeneers

Lelièvre²

1991

Eur J Population

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Re~u 25 avril 1991; version finale revue 25 octobre 1991 R6sum6Kempeneers, M. et E. Leli~vre, 1991, Analyse biographique du travail fdminin, European Journal of Population/Revue Europ6enne de D6mographie 7, 377-400.Cet article montre comment l'application d'une m6thode d'analyse biographique d'interaction 5. un domaine o~ I'interaction parMt 6vidente -activit6 f~minine et f~condite -ouvre des perspectives nouvelles. En effet, les limites qui apparaissent lots de cette analyse conduisent les auteurs 5. conclure que ce n'est pas en raffinant les m6thodes mais plut6t ta collecte que l'on parviendra 5. progresser clans ce domaine. Le probl~me des interactions de l'activit6 et de la f~condit~ semble mal pos6 avant m~me le recours 5. la m~thode. Cela justifie la n6cessit6 de saisir te travail f6minin comme concept unifi6 ne dissociant pas la sphere domestique et la sphere r6mun6r~e. Cela conduit les auteurs 5. d6gager quelques principes de collecte mieux adapt6s aux pr6occupations r6centes dans ce domaine: des donn6es biographiques sur le travail f6minin. L'interaction collect6e 5. sa source se pr&erait alors 5. une analyse biographique plus r6v61atrice que celle qui confronte deux processus sans en 6valuer les modalit6s changeantes. M. Kempeneers, E. Leli~vre /Analyse du travail fdmininThis article demonstrates how life event history analysis applied to the interaction between fertility and female economic activity can lead to new perspectives in the analysis of this complicated relationship. The authors identify limits to the analysis of the interaction given the anticipatory nature of behaviour. They conclude that progress in this field requires not the refinement of methods but rather a fundamental change in the approach to the data collected. If fertility and employment are considered separately, a problem is created even before the methods of analysis are applied. They recommend a conception of women's work as a whole, a conception that does not dissociate domestic and paid work. The authors go on to identify ways of improving the relevance of data collection to contemporary issues in the life history analysis of women's work. They argue that data on the interaction, collected at its source, would yield a more revealing life history than that which sees domestic work and paid work as separate spheres, and fails to take account of changes in their relationship.

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Sex roles and the link between fertility and employment

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

Women's empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature

Women's empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature

A Role for Biology in Gender-Related Behavior

Analyse biographique du travail féminin

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