Sex, polyps, and medusae: Determination and maintenance of sex in cnidarians

Siebert, Stefan; Juliano, Celina E.

doi:10.1002/mrd.22690

Cited by 33 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…As gonochorism is predominant among octocorals [8], they constitute a promising group for further exploration of GSD among Cnidaria. In hexacorals, the sister-group of octocorals [40,41], there is apparently a higher diversity of reproduction systems than in octocorals [6]. Extending our study to other anthozoans would be useful in order to test scenarios of evolution of reproduction systems in this group [6].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In hexacorals, the sister-group of octocorals [40,41], there is apparently a higher diversity of reproduction systems than in octocorals [6]. Extending our study to other anthozoans would be useful in order to test scenarios of evolution of reproduction systems in this group [6]. Furthermore, our study has shown that signal of GSD, if it is unexpected, can be misinterpreted in non-model organisms (for example because sex-linked markers could be detected as being under balanced selection).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cnidarians display various sexual systems, from hermaphrodism (simultaneous or sequential) to gonochorism, and sexual reproduction can take place at different stages, polyp or medusae [6]. The corresponding system determinations are poorly known: a few ESD examples have been reported but no examples of GSD have so far been confirmed among non-bilaterians [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The corresponding system determinations are poorly known: a few ESD examples have been reported but no examples of GSD have so far been confirmed among non-bilaterians [6]. A cytogenetic analysis has shown a clear evidence of potential sex chromosomes in a scleractinian [7] but the role of these chromosomes in sex determination remains to be studied as this species is hermaphroditic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, our goal here was to test the existence of sex-linked genes in the precious red coral, with a population genomic approach. We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) applied to sexed individuals, as proposed in [6]. Our results point to an XX/XY sex-determination system in this species, and we developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based protocol for sexing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for a genetic sex determination in Cnidaria, the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum)

et al. 2017

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Sexual reproduction is widespread among eukaryotes, and the sex-determining processes vary greatly among species. While genetic sex determination (GSD) has been intensively described in bilaterian species, no example has yet been recorded among non-bilaterians. However, the quasi-ubiquitous repartition of GSD among multicellular species suggests that similar evolutionary forces can promote this system, and that these forces could occur also in non-bilaterians. Studying sex determination across the range of Metazoan diversity is indeed important to understand better the evolution of this mechanism and its lability. We tested the existence of sex-linked genes in the gonochoric red coral (Corallium rubrum, Cnidaria) using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. We analysed 27 461 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 354 individuals from 12 populations including 53 that were morphologically sexed. We found a strong association between the allele frequencies of 472 SNPs and the sex of individuals, suggesting an XX/XY sex-determination system. This result was confirmed by the identification of 435 male-specific loci. An independent test confirmed that the amplification of these loci enabled us to identify males with absolute certainty. This is the first demonstration of a GSD system among non-bilaterian species and a new example of its convergence in multicellular eukaryotes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for a genetic sex determination in Cnidaria, the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum)

et al. 2017

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Nonclonal coloniality: Genetically chimeric colonies through fusion of sexually produced polyps in the hydrozoanEctopleura larynx

2018

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Hydrozoans typically develop colonies through asexual budding of polyps. Although colonies of Ectopleura are similar to other hydrozoans in that they consist of multiple polyps physically connected through continuous epithelia and shared gastrovascular cavity, Ectopleura larynx does not asexually bud polyps indeterminately. Instead, after an initial phase of limited budding in a young colony, E. larynx achieves its large colony size through the aggregation and fusion of sexually (nonclonally) produced polyps. The apparent chimerism within a physiologically integrated colony presents a potential source of conflict between distinct genetic lineages, which may vary in their ability to access the germline. To determine the extent to which the potential for genetic conflict exists, we characterized the types of genetic relationships between polyps within colonies, using a RAD‐Seq approach. Our results indicate that E. larynx colonies are indeed comprised of polyps that are clones and sexually reproduced siblings and offspring, consistent with their life history. In addition, we found that colonies also contain polyps that are genetically unrelated, and that estimates of genome‐wide relatedness suggests a potential for conflict within a colony. Taken together, our data suggest that there are distinct categories of relationships in colonies of E. larynx, likely achieved through a range of processes including budding, regeneration, and fusion of progeny and unrelated polyps, with the possibility for a genetic conflict resolution mechanism. Together these processes contribute to the reevolution of the ecologically important trait of coloniality in E. larynx.

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Gonadal cnidocytes in the cubozoan Tripedalia cystophora Conant, 1897 (Cnidaria: Cubozoa)

Helmark

Garm

2019

Journal of Morphology

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Cubozoans have a complex lifecycle in many ways similar to the scyphozoan lifecycle. The sexual reproduction within cubozoans varies between species with one clade having copulation and internal fertilization and the release of planula larvae. This cubozoan clade, the family Tripedaliidae, includes three species, Copula sivickisi, Tripedalia cystophora, and Tripedalia binata. In a recent study, it was suggested that in C. sivickisi cnidocytes play a new and important role during the sexual reproduction. Male derived cnidocytes anchor sperm packages to the female gonads and female derived cnidocytes protect the externalized embryo strand. Here, we have examined the gonads and gametes of T. cystophora and our results reveal that the male produced spermatozeugmata have a high number of isorhiza type cnidocytes, which are transferred along with the sperm during copulation. This adds further support to our hypothesis that they are important for sperm anchorage. The female gonads are lacking cnidocytes all together showing that cnidocyte production is not just a default state of the epithelium in these animals.

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Sex, polyps, and medusae: Determination and maintenance of sex in cnidarians

Cited by 33 publications

References 107 publications

Evidence for a genetic sex determination in Cnidaria, the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum)

Evidence for a genetic sex determination in Cnidaria, the Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum)

Nonclonal coloniality: Genetically chimeric colonies through fusion of sexually produced polyps in the hydrozoanEctopleura larynx

Gonadal cnidocytes in the cubozoan Tripedalia cystophora Conant, 1897 (Cnidaria: Cubozoa)

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