Sex-Limited Mutations and the Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism

Rhen, Turk

doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00005.x

Cited by 64 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This is not surprising, given the difficulty and low statistical power available when estimating ancestral character states for rapidly evolving characters (Schluter et al 1997). The evolution of sex-limited gene expression of traits is thought to result either from linkage between sex-determining genes and sexual traits or due to the spread of sex-limited autosomal mutations (Rhen 2000). In the case of I.…”

Section: Stably Maintained Polymorphism or Speciation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Female polymorphisms, sexual conflict and limits to speciation processes in animals

et al. 2007

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Heritable and visually detectable polymorphisms, such as trophic polymorphisms, ecotypes, or colour morphs, have become classical model systems among ecological geneticists and evolutionary biologists. The relatively simple genetic basis of many such polymorphisms (one or a few loci) makes such species well-suited to study evolutionary processes in natural settings. More recently, polymorphic systems have become popular when studying the early stages of the speciation process and mechanisms facilitating or constraining the evolution of reproductive isolation. Although colour polymorphisms have been studied extensively in the past, we argue that they have been underutilized as model systems of constraints on speciation processes. Colouration traits may function as signalling characters in sexual selection contexts, and the maintenance of colour polymorphisms is often due to frequency-dependent selection.One important issue is why there are so few described cases of female polymorphisms. Here we present a synthetic overview of female sexual polymorphisms, drawing from our previous work on female colour polymorphisms in lizards and damselflies. We argue that female sexual polymorphisms have probably been overlooked in the past, since workers have mainly focused on male-male competition over mates and have not realized the ecological sources of genetic variation in female fitness. Recent experimental evolution studies on fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) have demonstrated significant heritable variation among female genotypes in the fitness costs of resistance or tolerance to male mating harassment. In addition, femalefemale competition over resources could also generate genetic variation in female fitness and promote the maintenance of female sexual polymorphisms. Female sexual polymorphisms could subsequently either be maintained as intrapopulational polymorphisms or provide the raw material for the formation of new species.

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Section: Stably Maintained Polymorphism or Speciation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Female polymorphisms, sexual conflict and limits to speciation processes in animals

et al. 2007

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“…A second genetic mechanism expected to facilitate the evolution of SD is the evolution of sex-specific patterns of expression of autosomal genes (Lande, 1987;Rhen, 2000). This can occur through recruitment of alleles with sexlimited effects at existing loci, as well as through the evolution of new modifier genes and regulatory pathways (Lande, 1980(Lande, , 1987Rice, 1984;Rhen, 2000;Badyaev, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can occur through recruitment of alleles with sexlimited effects at existing loci, as well as through the evolution of new modifier genes and regulatory pathways (Lande, 1980(Lande, , 1987Rice, 1984;Rhen, 2000;Badyaev, 2002). Sex-specific gene expression and sex-linkage are likely to be functionally connected because sex-linked genes often exert their phenotypic effects by regulating the expression of autosomal genes (Charlesworth et al, 1987;Marshall Graves, 1994;Chippindale and Rice, 2001;Bainbridge, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The quantitative genetics of sexual dimorphism: assessing the importance of sex-linkage

2006

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Sexual dimorphism (SD) is a defining feature of gonochorous animals and dioecious plants, but the evolution of SD from an initially monomorphic genome presents a conundrum. Theory predicts that the evolution of SD will be facilitated if genes with sex-specific fitness effects occur on sex chromosomes. We review this theory and show that it generates three testable predictions. For organisms with an XX/XY chromosomal system of sex determination: (1) SD should be associated with X-linked effects; (2) X-linked effects should show strong directional dominance for sexually dimorphic traits favored in males but expressed in both sexes; and (3) SD should be associated with a reduction in the between-sex additive genetic covariance and correlation. A literature review reveals that empirical evaluations of the association between sex-linkage and SD have lagged behind theory. Tests for the presence of sex-linked effects have been plagued by the need to make simplifying assumptions, such as the absence of dominance or maternal effects, that greatly weaken their discriminatory power. Further, most have used comparisons between species or populations, whereas the correct level of analysis is within populations. To overcome these problems, we derive a novel pedigree design that permits separate estimation of X-linked, dominance and maternal effects. We suggest that the data from such a design would be most appropriately analyzed using the animal model. This novel protocol will allow quantitative evaluation of the above predictions, and hence should spur progress in understanding the role of sex-linkage in the evolution of SD.

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“…Intralocus sexual conflict is mitigated through the independent evolution of the sexes toward their sex-specific phenotypic optima, resulting in sexual dimorphism (Fisher 1930a(Fisher , 1931Lande 1980). However, much remains to be learned about the genetic mechanisms involved in the evolution of sexual dimorphism and the extent to which they can resolve the conflict (Rhen 2000;Rice andChippindale 2001, 2002;Day and Bonduriansky 2004;. Consequently, it is not clear whether intralocus sexual conflict represents a transient constraint or a permanent and severe impediment to the adaptive divergence of the sexes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…r MF may be reduced through a divergence in the sets of loci involved in trait expression in the two sexes, which could reflect the evolution of sex linkage (Rice 1984(Rice , 1987Reinhold 1998;Roldan and Gomendio 1999;Rice and Chippindale 2002), the duplication and subsequent sex limitation of autosomal loci (Rhen 2000;Rice and Chippindale 2002), the evolution of condition dependence , or other epistatic mechanisms with sex-specific effects. These adaptations may mitigate intralocus sexual conflict.…”

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confidence: 99%

Intralocus Sexual Conflict and the Genetic Architecture of Sexually Dimorphic Traits in Prochyliza Xanthostoma (Diptera: Piophilidae)

2005

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Abstract. Because homologous traits of males and females are likely to have a common genetic basis, sex-specific selection (often resulting from sexual selection on one sex) may generate an evolutionary tug-of-war known as intralocus sexual conflict, which will constrain the adaptive divergence of the sexes. Theory suggests that intralocus sexual conflict can be mitigated through reduction of the intersexual genetic correlation (r MF ), predicting negative covariation between r MF and sexual dimorphism. In addition, recent work showed that selection should favor reduced expression of alleles inherited from the opposite-sex parent (intersexual inheritance) in traits subject to intralocus sexual conflict. For traits under sexual selection in males, this should be manifested either in reduced maternal heritability or, when conflict is severe, in reduced heritability through the opposite-sex parent in offspring of both sexes. However, because we do not know how far these hypothesized evolutionary responses can actually proceed, the importance of intralocus sexual conflict as a long-term constraint on adaptive evolution remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the genetic architecture of sexual and nonsexual morphological traits in Prochyliza xanthostoma. The lowest r MF and greatest dimorphism were exhibited by two sexual traits (head length and antenna length) and, among all traits, the degree of sexual dimorphism was correlated negatively with r MF . Moreover, sexual traits exhibited reduced maternal heritabilities, and the most strongly dimorphic sexual trait (antenna length) was heritable only through the same-sex parent in offspring of both sexes. Our results support theory and suggest that intralocus sexual conflict can be resolved substantially by genomic adaptation. Further work is required to identify the proximate mechanisms underlying these patterns.

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Sex-Limited Mutations and the Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism

Cited by 64 publications

References 43 publications

Female polymorphisms, sexual conflict and limits to speciation processes in animals

Female polymorphisms, sexual conflict and limits to speciation processes in animals

The quantitative genetics of sexual dimorphism: assessing the importance of sex-linkage

Intralocus Sexual Conflict and the Genetic Architecture of Sexually Dimorphic Traits in Prochyliza Xanthostoma (Diptera: Piophilidae)

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