Sex isn’t Gender: Reforming Concepts and Measurements in the Study of Public Opinion

Bittner, Amanda; Goodyear-Grant, Elizabeth

doi:10.1007/s11109-017-9391-y

Cited by 98 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The value of this method is that it helps clarify women’s political marginalization (Beckwith, ) which mirrors their unequal status in the broader gender hierarchy (Sidanius & Pratto, ; Wood & Eagly, ). Yet, a dichotomous approach to sex is an oversimplification of biology, overlooking the many citizens who do not fit into discrete categories (e.g., Bittner & Goodyear‐Grant, ; McDermott, ).…”

Section: Gender In the Citizenrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The introduction of gendered personality into multivariate analyses eliminated the effect of sex which further confirms that gender identity, as measured by conformity to personality traits desirable for each gender, mediates the relationship between sex and political attitudes (McDermott, ). Endorsement of female‐stereotypic personality or identification with the diffuse female gender role was also related to support for healthcare, government involvement, and a liberal ideology, while self‐identifying as having a masculine personality related to conservatism and morality (Bittner & Goodyear‐Grant, ). In short, embracing the personality traits associated with the diffuse female or male gender role predicts political attitudes more than biological sex.…”

Section: Gender In the Citizenrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Application of Social Role Theory to the Study of Gender in Politics

Schneider

Bos

2019

Political Psychology

134

106

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Social role theory provides a framework to help understand the complexity of gender in the political sphere. We demonstrate how SRT both helps to explain extant research findings and to generate future research that will help explain the complicated ways in which gender shapes U.S. politics. This article considers two broad categories of behavior: the gendered opinions and engagement of the citizenry and the gendered evaluations of political actors by elites and voters. Within each category, we propose moving beyond the male-female binary and consider the effects of gender in conjunction with other key political identities, such as race, ethnicity, age, as well as examining the effects of (dis)ability, and class. As well, our work demonstrates how masculinity encompasses the U.S. political system and serves as a backdrop in front of which gender roles shape political behavior, and role incongruity can lead to prejudice. This project lays the groundwork for future work to apply theories from psychology to a gendered analysis of U.S. politics. Through a better understanding of sex, gender, and their combined effects with race and other intersectional identities, we contribute to a broader goal of creating a more inclusive U.S. politics. bs_bs_banner Gender in the CitizenryTo consider how gender affects the opinions and participation of the citizenry, we first introduce key concepts that lay the groundwork for social role theory. As a central organizing theory, social role theory provides an explanation for how the powerful, pervasive, segregated social roles of men and women produce gender stereotypes and gendered behavior. Then, we organize the article into sections that address the main outcomes of interest we introduced above: public opinion and political participation. We conclude each section with future research.

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Section: Gender In the Citizenrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gender In the Citizenrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Social Role Theory to the Study of Gender in Politics

Schneider

Bos

2019

Political Psychology

134

106

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“…Treating gender as a non-binary category has received limited attention in survey research and quantitatively oriented social sciences (Bittner and Goodyear-Grant 2017). Changing gender-classification questions creates potential difficulties for historical comparisons.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Case for Non-Binary Gender Questions in Surveys

Medeiros

Forest

Öhberg

2019

APSC

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LGBTQ activists and academics advocate the use of non-binary gender categories to include individuals who identify as neither rigidly male nor rigidly female to reflect the increasing number of people who do not place themselves in these two conventional classes. Although some general-population surveys have begun using non-binary gender questions, research has not examined the consequences of using (or not) a question with non-binary gender categories in surveys and censuses. Our study addresses this gap using a survey experiment in which respondents in the United States, Canada, and Sweden randomly received a binary or a non-binary gender question. We find no evidence of negative reactions to the non-binary question. Moreover, when there is a statistical difference, the reactions are positive. We thus conclude that general-population surveys could use a non-binary question without facing significant adverse reactions from respondents.

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“…In response to calls for more criminological researchers to move beyond a normative view of gender and advance how this concept is measured so that it better aligns with more modern conceptualisations of gender as a non-binary and multifaceted construct (Miller & Carbone-Lopez, 2015;Valcore & Pfeffer, 2018), this study adopts a social constructionist view of gender as a type of performance that embodies masculine or feminine ideals, but that may vary across situational contexts and structural positions (West & Zimmerman, 1987). This approach advances how gender is treated in criminological research and provides a greater degree of nuance in my research findings by incorporating a finer-grained measure of gender (Bittner & Goodyear-Grant, 2017).…”

Section: Building On Prior Researchmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The treatment of gender in survey research can also be problematic. Although common in quantitative survey research, the measurement of gender as a dichotomy is considered a "normatively undesirable practice" (Bittner & Goodyear-Grant, 2017, p. 1020. The adoption of a normative definition of gender is also widespread in criminological research.…”

Section: List Of Figures and Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered views on parole: exploring how emotion and emotion management help to explain gender differences in the Australian public’s views on parole

Dodd¹

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Sex isn’t Gender: Reforming Concepts and Measurements in the Study of Public Opinion

Cited by 98 publications

References 27 publications

The Application of Social Role Theory to the Study of Gender in Politics

The Application of Social Role Theory to the Study of Gender in Politics

The Case for Non-Binary Gender Questions in Surveys

Gendered views on parole: exploring how emotion and emotion management help to explain gender differences in the Australian public’s views on parole

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