Sex Differences in Time to Return-to-Play Progression After Sport-Related Concussion

Stone, Sarah Lipford; Lee, Bobby; Garrison, James C.; Blueitt, Damond; Creed, Kalyssa

doi:10.1177/1941738116672184

Cited by 36 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The results of the current study are consistent with the previous literature that reported that female athletes may take longer to recover from an SRC compared with male athletes. 1,20,28 Baker et al 1 found that 65% of female student-athletes, compared with 53% of male student-athletes, took longer than 10 days to reach the asymptomatic stage after sustaining an SRC. Furthermore, it has been reported that 41% of female athletes, compared with 19% of male athletes, took longer than 21 days to reach the asymptomatic stage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in the Clinical Incidence of Concussions, Missed School Days, and Time Loss in High School Student-Athletes: Part 1

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in the Clinical Incidence of Concussions, Missed School Days, and Time Loss in High School Student-Athletes: Part 1

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Aside from the level of headimpact exposure, a host of factors separate NFL players from the population at large, including income, education level, and various lifestyle aspects. Large gaps exist in our knowledge of the effect of concussion on female athletes (because of potential sex influences on concussion recovery 95,96 ) and on people who participate at other sporting levels.…”

Section: Study Limitations and Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Sport-Related Concussion and Long-Term Clinical Cognitive Health Outcomes in Retired Athletes: A Systematic Review

Cunningham

Broglio

O’Grady

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Sport-related concussions (SRCs) are known to have short-term effects on cognitive processes, which can result in diverse clinical presentations. The long-term effects of SRC and repeated exposure to head impacts that do not result in SRC on specific cognitive health outcomes remain unclear. Objectives To synthesize and appraise the evidence base regarding cognitive health in living retired athletes with a history of head-impact exposure or SRC. Data Sources A systematic search of the EMBASE, PsycINFO, MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science databases was conducted from inception to April 2018 using common key words and medical subject headings related to 3 components: (1) the participant (eg, retired athlete), (2) the primary outcome measure (eg, cognitive test used), and (3) the secondary outcome measure (eg, history of sport concussion). Study Selection Cross-sectional studies of living retired male or female athletes in which at least 1 cognitive test was used as an outcome measure were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies. Data Extraction Data extraction was performed using Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Methodologic quality was assessed independently by 2 reviewers using the Downs and Black tool. Data Synthesis The search yielded 46 cross-sectional observational studies that were included in a qualitative synthesis. Most included studies (80%, n = 37) were published in the 5 years before our review. A large proportion of these studies (n = 20) included retired American National Football League players. The other research investigated professional, university, high school, and amateur retired athletes participating in sports such as American and Australian football, boxing, field and ice hockey, rugby, and soccer. The total sample consisted of 13 975 participants: 7387 collision-sport athletes, 662 contact-sport athletes, 3346 noncontact-sport athletes, and 2580 participants classified as controls. Compared with control participants or normative data, retired athletes displayed worse performance in 17 of 31 studies (55%) of memory, 6 of 11 studies (55%) of executive function, and 4 of 6 studies (67%) of psychomotor function and increased subjective concerns about cognitive function in 11 of 14 studies (79%). The authors of 13 of 46 investigations (28%) reported a frequency-response relationship, with poorer cognitive outcomes in athletes who had greater levels of exposure to head impacts or concussions. However, these results must be interpreted in light of the lack of methodologic rigor and moderate quality assessment of the included studies. Conclusions Evidence of poorer cognitive health among retired athletes with a history of concussion and head-impact exposure is evolving. Our results suggest that a history of SRC may more greatly affect the cognitive domains of memory, executive function, and psychomotor function. Retired athletes appeared to have increased self-reported cognitive difficulties, but the paucity of high-quality, prospective studies limited the conclusions that could be drawn regarding a cause-and-effect relationship between concussion and long-term health outcomes. Future researchers should consider a range of cognitive health outcomes, as well as premorbid ability, in diverse samples of athletes with or without a history of concussion or head-impact exposure to delineate the long-term effects of sport participation on cognitive functioning.

show abstract

“…Female athletes appear to have an altered trajectory of recovery from concussion. Although not universal, most studies have found an increased duration of time loss for female athletes following a concussion, and that females are at an elevated risk for postconcussive syndrome compared to males [110,[114][115][116][117]. Females also receive interventions such as medications and school accommodations at higher rates compared to males [118].…”

Section: Management and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Common Sports Injuries

Lin

Casey

Herman

et al. 2018

PM&R

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Common sports injuries include bone stress injuries (BSIs), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, and concussions. Less commonly recognized are the specific sex differences in epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of these conditions by sex. An understanding of these factors can improve their clinical management, from prescribing appropriate prehabilitation to guiding postinjury rehabilitation and return to play. This narrative review summarizes the sex differences in the diagnosis and management of BSIs, ACL injuries, and concussions. Although BSIs are more common in female athletes, risk factors for both sexes include prior injury and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Risk factors in female athletes include smaller calf girth, femoral adduction, and higher rates of loading. Female athletes are also at greater risk for developing ACL injuries in high school and college, but their injury rate is similar in professional sports. Increased lateral tibial slope, smaller ACL size, and suboptimal landing mechanics are additional risk factors more often present in female athletes. Male athletes are more likely to have ACL surgery and have a higher rate of return to sport. Concussions occur more commonly in female athletes; however, female athletes are also more likely to report concussions. Male athletes more commonly sustain concussion through contact with another player. Female athletes more commonly sustain injury from contact with playing equipment. Managing post-concussion symptoms is important, and female athletes may have prolonged symptoms. An understanding of the sex-specific differences in these common sports injuries can help optimize their prehabilitation and rehabilitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

show abstract

Sex Differences in Time to Return-to-Play Progression After Sport-Related Concussion

Cited by 36 publications

References 25 publications

Sex Differences in the Clinical Incidence of Concussions, Missed School Days, and Time Loss in High School Student-Athletes: Part 1

Sex Differences in the Clinical Incidence of Concussions, Missed School Days, and Time Loss in High School Student-Athletes: Part 1

History of Sport-Related Concussion and Long-Term Clinical Cognitive Health Outcomes in Retired Athletes: A Systematic Review

Sex Differences in Common Sports Injuries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About