Sex differences in schizophrenia: estrogen and mitochondria

Gonçalves, Vanessa F.; Cuperfain, Ari B.; Kennedy, James L.

doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0228-0

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Female patients show later onset of the disorder, less negative and cognitive symptoms, and increased fecundity compared to male patients. This could be explained by the buffering effects of estrogen interacting with the expression of the mitochondrial genome, that is, with the epistasis emerging from the interaction between nuclear and mitochondrial genes . Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction has been repeatedly observed in patients with schizophrenia .…”

Section: Evidence Rebutting Hypotheses That Schizophrenia Risk Varianmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the origin of schizophrenia: Testing evolutionary theories in the post‐genomic era

Nesic

Stojković

Maric

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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thinking, language, and creativity are specific for mankind. Intertwined with the evolution of these uniquely human capacities might be the emergence of a uniquely human conditionschizophrenia. Traditionally considered a chronic and debilitating disorder, schizophrenia manifests itself by a combination of psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions), motivational difficulties, and cognitive dysfunctions. 1 Cognitive deficits, such as problems in abstract thinking, language, and executive functioning, are considered the core pathology in schizophrenia. 2 In fact, in persons with a nonaffective psychotic disorder, cognitive deficits can be traced back to childhood, as early as to 18 months of age, 3 suggesting that there is an intrinsic vulnerability to schizophrenia, present before its full-

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Section: Evidence Rebutting Hypotheses That Schizophrenia Risk Varianmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the origin of schizophrenia: Testing evolutionary theories in the post‐genomic era

Nesic

Stojković

Maric

2019

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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“…after menopause) [ 6 , 11 , 12 ]. On the other hand, estrogens have direct neuroprotective actions, for example by decreasing neuro-inflammation, promoting synaptic plasticity, and by influencing major neurotransmitter systems relevant for schizophrenia, such as dopamine signaling [ 12 , 14 – 16 ]. Through their influence on dopaminergic signaling, estrogens reduce impulsivity and risk for substance abuse in women [ 9 – 12 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogens in schizophrenia: progress, current challenges and opportunities

Brand

Boer

Sommer

2021

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

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Purpose of review Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder with a different, but not necessarily milder clinical presentation in women as compared to men. These sex differences have largely been attributed to the protective role of estrogens. This article reviews the current state of estrogen research in schizophrenia. Recent findings Estrogens regulate important pathophysiological pathways in schizophrenia, including dopamine activity, mitochondrial function, and the stress system. Estrogen deficiency is common in both sexes and is associated with increases in psychotic symptoms. Hyperprolactinemia causes secondary estrogen deficiency and can be a reaction to stress, or secondary to prolactin-raising antipsychotics. Therefore, prolactin-sparing antipsychotics should be preferred especially in premenopausal women, who are more prone to hyperprolactinemia. Premenopausal women furthermore require lower doses of antipsychotics than men, since estrogens raise the availability and efficacy of antipsychotics. Summary The past years have established the importance of estrogens in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and have shown its relevance to clinical practice through its influence on antipsychotic drug efficacy. Future research should focus on the neurobiological and clinical effect of contraceptives in premenopausal women with schizophrenia. Furthermore, the potential of estrogen-like augmentation with raloxifene and phytoestrogens in schizophrenia should be established in the coming years.

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“…As a multifaceted condition, schizophrenia has a wide spectrum of hypotheses, among which alterations and abnormalities within neurotransmission (dopamine hypothesis) seem to be of primary relevance [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Other hypotheses refer to genetic predisposition, altered γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, nicotinic receptors, the endocannabinoid system, inflammation with oxidative stress, sex and developmental differences in brain anatomy, the protective role of estrogens, gut microbiota, or vitamin D deficiency [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the Mind—Serum Trace Element Levels in Schizophrenic Patients: A Systematic Review

Baj

Forma

Sitarz

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The alterations in serum trace element levels are common phenomena observed in patients with different psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, or major depressive disorder. The fluctuations in the trace element concentrations might act as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of many psychiatric and neurological disorders. This paper aimed to assess the alterations in serum trace element concentrations in patients with a diagnosed schizophrenia. The authors made a systematic review, extracting papers from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Among 5009 articles identified through database searching, 59 of them were assessed for eligibility. Ultimately, 33 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. This review includes the analysis of serum levels of the following trace elements: iron, nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus, lead, chromium, antimony, uranium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, copper, selenium, calcium, and manganese. Currently, there is no consistency regarding serum trace element levels in schizophrenic patients. Thus, it cannot be considered as a reliable prognostic or diagnostic marker of schizophrenia. However, it can be assumed that altered concentrations of those elements are crucial regarding the onset and exaggeration of either psychotic or negative symptoms or cognitive dysfunctions.

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Sex differences in schizophrenia: estrogen and mitochondria

Cited by 14 publications

References 5 publications

On the origin of schizophrenia: Testing evolutionary theories in the post‐genomic era

On the origin of schizophrenia: Testing evolutionary theories in the post‐genomic era

Estrogens in schizophrenia: progress, current challenges and opportunities

Beyond the Mind—Serum Trace Element Levels in Schizophrenic Patients: A Systematic Review

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