Sex Differences in Relational Aggression in Preschool Children in Iran

Shahim, Sima

doi:10.2466/pr0.102.1.235-238

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…The questionnaire is a short form of the translated and adopted version of Crick and Grotpeter () relational aggression questionnaire which was adopted and used by Shahim () to assess the level of relational aggression displayed by Iranian children aged between 3 and 7 years. It includes 10 items using 3‐point likert scale: (1) rarely observed ; (2) sometimes observed ; and (3) frequently observed ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also that the highest rates of both relational and physical aggression was displayed by children who scored lowest on a measure of expressive and receptive language. In a series of studies carried out in Iran, Shahim (, ) did not find any gender differences in relational aggression in a sample of Iranian preschool aged between 3 and 7. However, in a sample of elementary school children, boys were found to express higher levels of both overt and relationally aggressive behaviour than girls (Shahim, ).…”

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confidence: 96%

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Language development mediates the relationship between gender and relational aggression: A study of Iranian preschool children

Razmjoee

Harnett

Shahaeian

2016

Australian Journal of Psychology

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Objective: Research has highlighted the role of gender in the expression of aggression. While boys display higher levels of physical aggression, girls appear to display higher levels of relational aggression. It is proposed that the expression of relational aggression may be associated, at least in part, with a child's development of language skills. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of expressive and receptive language in the expression of relational aggression. Method: A sample of 106 four to six-year-old Iranian children completed a test of language ability while their teachers completed a rating scale measuring the children's expression of relational aggression. Results: Results supported the hypothesis that language skills play an important role in the development of relational aggression. Teachers reported that girls displayed significantly more relational aggression that boys. Girls were also found to have higher receptive and expressive language than boys. Finally, a mediation analysis found that language skills mediated the relationship between gender and relational aggression. Conclusions: The results suggest that gender differences in the expression of relational aggression may be related to gender differences in the development of language as opposed to gender per se.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Language development mediates the relationship between gender and relational aggression: A study of Iranian preschool children

Razmjoee

Harnett

Shahaeian

2016

Australian Journal of Psychology

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“…McNeilly -Choque, Hart, Robinson, Nelson, & Olsen, 1996 ;Ostrov, 2006 ;Shahim, 2008 ;Tomada & Schneider, 1997 ). Some studies fi nd that girls are more relationally aggressive than boys, some fi nd no gender difference, and some fi nd that boys are more relationally aggressive than girls (e.g.…”

Section: Gender Differences In Aggressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggression in Children

Coyne

Nelson

Underwood³

2010

The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development

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Aggression unopposed becomes a contagious disease.-Jimmy CarterFrom the scuffs and skirmishes that can be found on nearly any school playground to the cruelty and anonymity of cyberbullying, aggression is one aspect of child development that cannot be ignored. The primary aim of this chapter is to examine the development of aggression in childhood. The chapter fi rst begins with an overview of defi nitions. There are many different forms of aggression, and much controversy surrounding what terms to use. Therefore, an understanding of these issues is important before examining the actual development of aggressive behavior. Next, we will provide a developmental view of aggressive behavior and examine the stability of aggression over time. This is followed by an examination of sex differences in aggression, which shows that the stereotype of the " aggressive boy " and the " good girl " is incorrect. We then turn to the consequences of aggressive behavior to demonstrate that aggression hurts not only the victims of the behavior but also the aggressors themselves. Many different factors contribute to the development of aggressive behavior, much of which are beyond the scope of this chapter. However, the next section of the chapter will examine several areas, namely, biology, parenting and family, the peer context, and the media, all of which have been shown to infl uence aggressive behavior in children. Understanding the causes and consequences of aggression is not enough; therefore, we will next examine several interventions that have been found to decrease childhood aggression. Finally, we will suggest future directions that may advance our understanding of aggressive behavior in children.

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“…Aggression among children appears in various forms like verbal calls (e.g., name-calling and slurs), disobedience, destruction, opposition, and obstinacy (Shahim, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Children’s Aggression by Behavioral Therapy Techniques

Aghajari

Golestaneh

Pakizeh

2017

PCP

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Objective: The present study aims at investigating the effects of behavioral therapy techniques through operant conditioning and observational learning on children's aggression aged 4-6 years. Methods:To this end, a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study with two experimental groups and a control group was designed. We used non-probability purposive sampling method to select 45 mothers of aggressive children out of all mothers in Deylam City, Iran. They were randomly assigned into three groups (each group included 15 participants). Primary data were collected using the questionnaire developed by Vahedi, Fathi-Azar, Hosseini-Nasab, and Moghadam (2008). To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance, 1-way analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni tests were used. Results:The results indicated that teaching operant conditioning and observational learning techniques to the mothers reduced their children's overall aggression along with its components, including verbal-offensive, physical-offensive, and relational aggression as well as impulsive anger. Conclusion:These techniques are recommended to be used in clinical interventions to teach the families how to control their children's aggression.

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Sex Differences in Relational Aggression in Preschool Children in Iran

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Language development mediates the relationship between gender and relational aggression: A study of Iranian preschool children

Language development mediates the relationship between gender and relational aggression: A study of Iranian preschool children

Aggression in Children

Treatment of Children’s Aggression by Behavioral Therapy Techniques

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