Sex differences in physiological reactions to thermal stress

Morimoto, T.; Slabochová, Z; Naman, R. K.; Sargent, Frederick

doi:10.1152/jappl.1967.22.3.526

Cited by 91 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore there is no definite correlation between Sex, maturation and aging and sweat electrolyte concentrations 10,11 . These factors underline the individual nature of absolute sweat electrolyte concent rations and coupled with exercise induced changes over a narrow timescale, make sweat a complex sample t o analyse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration

Schazmann¹,

et al. 2010

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We report a new easier method for the quantitative analysis of sodium in human sweat. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time this has been done successfully in a real-time manner. We consolidate sweat stimulation, collection and analysis functions into a single method. This temporal data opens up new possibilities in the study of human physiology, broadly applicable from assessing athletic performance and hydration levels to monitoring Cystic Fibrosis (CF) sufferers. Our compact Sodium Sensor Belt (SSB) consists of a sodium selective Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) integrated into a platform that can be interfaced with the human body during exercise. No skin cleaning regime or sweat storage technology is required as samples is continually wicked from skin to a sensing surface and on to a waste terminal via a fabric pump. After an initial equilibration period, a sodium plateau concentration was reached and monitored continuously. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used as a refe rence method, confirming accuracy. The plateau concentrations observed fell within expected literature ranges, further confirming accuracy. Daily calibration 2 repeatability (n=4) was ±3.0% RSD and over a three month period reproducibility was ±12.1% RSD (n=56). As a further application, we attempted to monitor the sweat of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) sufferers using the same device. We observed high sodium concentrations symptomatic of CF (~60mM Na + ) for 2 CF patients, with no conclusive results for the remaining patients due to their limited exercising capability. The real-time monitoring of hydration levels during physical exercise for health and performance purposes is a particularly promising application for the SSB at present.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration

Schazmann¹,

et al. 2010

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“…In hot atmospheres, several differences have been observed in the reactions of the sexes with regard to energy production and conductance, circulatory adjustments, and sweating responses. When male and female subjects were exposed for 2 hours to increasing heat, the sweat rates were significantly higher in males than in females (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In human thermal interaction with the environment, some variability exists due to individual influences such as health condition, acclimatization to thermal stress, race, aging, sex difference, etc (3,4,11,15,16,17,19,20). Women have a lower tissue conductance in cold and a higher tissue conductance in heat than do men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Decreasing Air Temperature on Peripheral Thermal Reactions in Males and Females

Tanaka

DESRUELLE²,

Sari³

et al. 2003

Environ. Health Prev. Med.

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Objectives: This study was performed to determine the effects of decreasing ambient temperature on peripheral blood flow and body temperature of males and females in a thermal neutral zone for references to the thermal standard of office workers.Methods: Peripheral blood flows of the hand and feet, and body temperatures and so on of male and female subjects were measured in a climatic chamber. Air temperature was maintained at 28.5°C at the beginning. After this, air temperature was decreased linearly to 21.0°C over a period of 60 minutes. Finally, air temperature was maintained at 21.0°C.Results: Blood flows and skin temperatures of male and female subjects became similar or showed no significant difference at beginning and the end of the experiment. Skin blood flow of the hand and skin temperatures of the hand and fingers decreased, and these values in females were lower than in males, when air temperature was decreased linearly in a thermal neutral zone. However, there were no remarkable differences between males and females in sublingual and mean skin temperatures during the experiment.Conclusion: Minimum air temperature at the thermal standard for offices in Japan is 17°C, which may be too low to be comfortable or neutral. Even in a neutral thermal condition, it is better that office workers are provided some protection such as a blanket or clothing, to protect peripheral body parts from cooling in winter, as there are individual differences in physiological thermal reactions.

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“…25 29 Neither gender nor aging seem to have marked effects on sweat electrolyte concentrations. 30,31 Sweat glands reabsorb sodium by active transport, but the ability to reabsorb sweat sodium does not increase proportionally with the sweating rate. As a result, the concentration of sweat sodium increases at high sweating rates.…”

Section: Water and Electrolyte Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%