“…Nevertheless, in both referred and research-identified samples, a greater number of males with reading problems has typically been reported (Rutter et al, 2004;Stevenson, 1992), and this gender ratio is higher in more severely affected samples (Olson, 2002). Several hypotheses, including Xlinked recessive inheritance (Symmes & Rapoport, 1972), differences in brain functioning due to differential exposure or sensitivity to androgens (Geschwind, 1981;Nass, 1993;Tallal & Fitch, 1993), immunological factors, sexual imprinting, perinatal complications, and differential resilience to neural insult (Liederman, Kantrowitz, & Flannery, 2005) have all been proposed to account for this gender difference in prevalence of reading disabilities.…”