Sex differences in clerical speed: Perceptual encoding vs. verbal encoding

Majeres, Raymond L.

doi:10.3758/bf03197388

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…When the letters and nonletter characters could be matched on the basis of physical characteristics, sex differences were not found. This result is consistent with other studies in which the sex difference in speeded matching was found to depend on verbal or symbolic content (Guilford, 1967;Majeres, 1977). The present results are more explicit in that they clearly demonstrate that the sex difference is directly related to the need to use letter names when making the comparisons.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Guilford criticized this interpretation and proposed that the sex difference on perceptual speed tests (1) is due to a sex difference in comparison and decision processes rather than perceptual encoding, recognition, or shifts ofattention, and (2) is restricted to comparisons that involvesymbols (letters and digits) but not figural stimuli. Later research has supported both of these claims (Majeres, 1977(Majeres, , 1983(Majeres, , 1990.…”

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confidence: 77%

“…Women have been found to be consistently faster and more accurate than men in symbol matching (Fairweather, 1976;Guilford, 1967;Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974, Table 2.1O-see "perceptual" and "clerical speed" entries; Majeres, 1977Majeres, , 1988Majeres, , 1990Schneidler & Paterson, 1942). Speeded symbol matching has been used as a reference test for an important dimension of human cognitive ability called perceptual speed (Carroll, 1993) and is a very good predictor of early reading problems (Kerns & Decker, 1985).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sex differences in phonological processes: Speeded matching and word reading

Majeres

1999

Memory & Cognition

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Sex differences in phonological processing were investigated in four experiments. Two experiments required college students to decide whether two five-letter strings matched. Same-case (AA)pairs of letter strings could be matched using physical features, whereas mixed-case (Aa) pairs of letter strings required the mediation of a speech-based code (letter name) for the comparison. Women were significantly faster than men when the comparisons required the speech-based codes. In another experiment, college students read lists of words and lists of pseudohomophones to determine whether there was a sex difference in the computation of phonology for unfamiliar words (assembled phonology). In a final experiment, students read lists of words with phonologically inconsistent spelling patterns to determine whether there was a sex difference in accessing pronunciations of familiar words (addressed phonology). Women were more proficient than men under both of these conditions. Results were interpreted in terms of a female advantage in both prelexical and lexical processing, an advantage that may stem from a sex difference in the quality of the phonological representations.Phonological processing refers to the use of abstract phonological representations for processing oral and written language. According to Chomsky & Halle (1968), phonological transformations of a language connect the phonetic surface structures to underlying lexical and abstract phonological representations. These abstract representations are not "speech sounds" nor are they vocalized or subvocalized speech, though they mediate such activities (Frost, 1998), and they share much in common with the speech-based information that is stored and rehearsed in Baddeley's (1992) phonological loop. These speech-based representations of speech as well as the related articulatory representations are both implicated in cognitive differences between men and women (MeGuinness, 1981).Recent evidence of a sex difference in hemispheric specialization may shed some light on the nature of the sex difference in the use of speech-based codes (Pugh et al., 1997;Shaywitz et al., 1995). During phonological processing, judging whether pronounceable non words rhymed, women on the average showed greater righthemisphere activation (inferior frontal gyrus and extrastriate region) than did men. According to Pugh et al., these regions are believed to be associated with the processing ofletters in a serial and small-grained manner (phonemes and phoneme clusters). Both men and women showed

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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confidence: 77%

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confidence: 99%

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Sex differences in phonological processes: Speeded matching and word reading

Majeres

1999

Memory & Cognition

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“…According to Guilford (1967), sex differences are found when the comparisons involve letters and digits and are not found on perceptual matching tasks involving figures even though comparisons are required. Guilford's early analysis of the sex difference in so-called perceptual speed has been supported by more recent research (Majeres, 1977(Majeres, , 1983(Majeres, , 1988(Majeres, , 1990(Majeres, , 1999. In general, these studies have confirmed that the sex difference on socalled perceptual speed tests and speeded matching tasks are directly related to the degree that the comparisons are speech-based or verbally mediated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…For example, Majeres (1977) required participants to look at lists of items and to tap a matching item on one of three response cards for each item in a list. Participants were presented with a list containing squares, circles, and triangles., each shape occurring repeatedly in random order.…”

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confidence: 99%