Sex determination using discriminant analysis of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur in Koreans

Sex determination using discriminant analysis of upper and lower extremity bones: New approach using the volume and surface area of digital model

“…Computed tomography (Definition AS, Siemens, Germany) was used to analyze and construct 3-D models of the donated samples [12]. Bones were imaged on the left and right sides at 0.75-mm intervals (pixel size: 0.43-0.54 mm).…”

“…Furthermore, calculating the surface area and volume of bones from digitized 3-D models is easy using most commercial software and freeware for 3-D object manipulation. By means of calibration, we can calculate the volume and surface area without inter or intra observer error [12].…”

“…The skull and hip bone (os coxa) are the most effective for sex determination [2][3][4][5]. However, because the skull and/or hip bone may not be recovered or for some reason cannot be used in some situations, many studies using long bones to identify bodies have been performed [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Metric and non-metric methods such as measuring the length, height, width, and angles of specific bones were originally used to determine the sex.…”

Comparing discriminant analysis and neural network for the determination of sex using femur head measurements

“…The femoral head diameter is considered a very significant variable of the femur for the purpose of sex determination [5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Variations in sex dimorphism of the bones due to geographical origin [10,[16][17][18], but also secular trends [1,19] justify the updating of published methods.…”

Geometric morphometric analysis reveals age-related differences in the distal femur of Europeans

“…Several statistical models have been developed to determine person’s age using various bone fragments (Kim et al 2013b). The femur is the longest bone and it is often well preserved (King et al 1998; Slaus et al 2003; Trancho et al 1997).…”