Sex‐chrom, a database on plant sex chromosomes

Baránková, Simona; Pascual-Díaz, Joan Pere; Sultana, Nusrat; Alonso-Lifante, M. Pilar; Balant, Manica; Barros, Karina; D'Ambrosio, Ugo; Malínská, Hana; Peška, Vratislav; Lorenzo, Iván Pérez; Kovařı́k, Aleš; Vyskot, Boris; Janoušek, Bohuslav; Garcia, Sònia

doi:10.1111/nph.16635

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…Among > 15 000 dioecious angiosperm species (i.e. species with separate sexes; Renner, 2014), < 20 sex chromosome systems have been studied with genomic data (Ming et al ., 2011; Baránková et al ., 2020). Most plants with sex chromosomes exhibit male heterogamety, with XY chromosomes in males and XX chromosomes in females (Westergaard, 1958; Charlesworth, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well‐differentiated sex chromosomes

et al. 2021

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We recently described, in Cannabis sativa, the oldest sex chromosome system documented so far in plants (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). Based on the estimated age, we predicted that it should be shared by its sister genus Humulus, which is known also to possess XY chromosomes.Here, we used transcriptome sequencing of an F 1 family of H. lupulus to identify and study the sex chromosomes in this species using the probabilistic method SEX-DETECTOR.We identified 265 sex-linked genes in H. lupulus, which preferentially mapped to the C. sativa X chromosome. Using phylogenies of sex-linked genes, we showed that a region of the sex chromosomes had already stopped recombining in an ancestor of both species. Furthermore, as in C. sativa, Y-linked gene expression reduction is correlated to the position on the X chromosome, and highly Y degenerated genes showed dosage compensation.We report, for the first time in Angiosperms, a sex chromosome system that is shared by two different genera. Thus, recombination suppression started at least 21-25 Myr ago, and then (either gradually or step-wise) spread to a large part of the sex chromosomes (c. 70%), leading to a degenerated Y chromosome.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well‐differentiated sex chromosomes

et al. 2021

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“…Sex differentiation and sex‐specific chromosomes have been extensively studied due to their significant role in plant evolutionary biology. The genetic basis of sexual differentiation in dioecious species has been found to be linked to nuclear genes on sex chromosomes (Baránková et al., 2020 ). Sex chromosomes in dioecious plant are often indistinguishable, and only a few of them show clear variation (Baránková et al., 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genetic basis of sexual differentiation in dioecious species has been found to be linked to nuclear genes on sex chromosomes (Baránková et al., 2020 ). Sex chromosomes in dioecious plant are often indistinguishable, and only a few of them show clear variation (Baránková et al., 2020 ). Many sex chromosomes have been reported in plants (Charlesworth, 2016 ; Smith and Smith, 1947 ) (Charlesworth, 2016 ; Smith and Smith, 1947 ) but have not been characterised in the same way as they have in animals (Negrutiu et al., 2001 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The jojoba genome reveals wide divergence of the sex chromosomes in a dioecious plant

et al. 2021

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SUMMARY Most flowering plants are hermaphrodites, but around 6% of species are dioecious, having separate male and female plants. Sex chromosomes and some sex‐specific genes have been reported in plants, but the genome sequences have not been compared. We now report the genome sequence of male and female jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plants, revealing a very large difference in the sex chromosomes. The male genome assembly was 832 Mb and the female 822 Mb. This was explained by the large size differences in the Y chromosome (37.6 Mb) compared with the X chromosome (26.9 Mb). Relative to the X chromosome, the Y chromosome had two large insertions each of more than 5 Mb containing more than 400 genes. Many of the genes in the chromosome‐specific regions were novel. These male‐specific regions included many flowering‐related and stress response genes. Smaller insertions found only in the X chromosome totalled 877 kb. The wide divergence of the sex chromosomes suggests a long period of adaptation to diverging sex‐specific roles. Male and female plants may have evolved to accommodate factors such as differing reproductive resource allocation requirements under the stress of the desert environment in which the plants are found. The sex‐determining regions accumulate genes beneficial to each sex. This has required the evolution of many more novel sex‐specific genes than has been reported for other organisms. This suggest that dioecious plants provide a novel source of genes for manipulation of reproductive performance and environmental adaptation in crops.

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“…In angiosperms, only about 6% (15,600 species) are reported to be dioecious (Kersten et al 2017), such as poplar (Populus) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The widespread view that all dioecious species have evolved independently from hermaphrodite ancestors suggests that the actual developmental evolution required multiple steps across the multiple lineages, which are thought to have evolved 900-5000 times in developmental transformation (Charlesworth and Charlesworth 1978;Dellaporta and Calderon-Urrea 1993;Brunet and Charlesworth 1995;Baránková et al 2020). According to the observation of I. polycarpa three types of flowers in different plants, the I. polycarpa andromonoecious tree could have bisexual flowers, which suggests that it's still in the dioecious developmental evolution period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and anatomical changes during floral bud development of the trioecious Idesia polycarpa Maxim

Wang

Rana

et al. 2022

Braz. J. Bot

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Idesia polycarpa Maxim is described as a dioecious species, in which flowers are female or male, but we have also found individuals with bisexual flowers. The study aimed to provide the theoretical basis for the artificial control on flowering, fruiting, and floral initiation of Idesia polycarpa Maxim species. The morphological and anatomical structure of female, male, and bisexual flowers of I. polycarpa was studied. In this study, the routine paraffin section and morphological observation methods were used. The flowering of I. polycarpa began in late July. Results showed that the short-branch terminal bud was the highest percentage of floral bud position both in the female and male plants compared to the other bud types, and the proportion was 68.6% and 76.3%, respectively. Evidence from floral structural analysis suggests that the female and male flowers of I. polycarpa are unisexual by abortion. The ovary of the male flower stops developing after the ovule primordium initiation. The female, male, and bisexual flowers of I. polycarpa had the same anatomical structure at the beginning of development, but differences emerge in the differentiation stage of the female and male. In the bisexual flowers, females and males develop normally and may produce fruits. The study suggests that the bisexual, male, and female flowers were produced on the separate plants of the same species; therefore, the species is trioecious.

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Sex‐chrom, a database on plant sex chromosomes

Cited by 16 publications

References 85 publications

Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well‐differentiated sex chromosomes

Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well‐differentiated sex chromosomes

The jojoba genome reveals wide divergence of the sex chromosomes in a dioecious plant

Morphological and anatomical changes during floral bud development of the trioecious Idesia polycarpa Maxim

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