Sex as a Biological Variable: Who, What, When, Why, and How

Bale, Tracy L.; Epperson, C. Neill

doi:10.1038/npp.2016.215

Cited by 120 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…In research, a distinction is made between sex as “sex,” meaning the chromosomal distribution in cells, and as “gender,” the gender determination provided for by society 7,8. Both categories are at the same time important preconditions for the way of life and pursuit of a person.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At this point, we would like to explicitly state the existence of intersex or transgender, such as people with androgen insensitivity or adrenogenital syndrome 6,7. However, this study concentrates on the definitional distinction between woman/female and man/male based on the chromosome pairs XX and XY, the hormonal determination, and dimorphic brain structure as well as the heteronormal gender roles based on the data situation and current research literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sex of a person can be an important factor in the inclusion of patients and people in need of care in prevention and treatment. Therefore, the influence of sex is an important area of interest for medical research, but has so far been given little consideration in the context of infection prevention 6,7. Based on sex-based differences, it can be assumed that there is a difference in the perception, evaluation, and implementation of infection control conditions, deficiencies, and rules between the sexes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection control perception and behavior: a question of sex and gender? Results of the AHOI feasibility study

Goerig¹,

Dittmann²,

Krämer³

et al. 2018

IDR

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PurposeInfections, in particular with multidrug-resistant organisms, are a burden for inpatient and outpatient care and the whole community. The pathogens “roam” with patients and their relatives, forming an epidemiological bridge between different care facilities. Patients could play an important role in infection control, given that they are properly involved. The AHOI project stands for the Activation of patients, people in need of care, and care-providers for a Hygiene-conscious participatiOn in Infection prevention. To this end, a multimodal intervention bundle was developed and subjected to a feasibility study at a university hospital. Our goal was to clarify whether sex- and gender-specific characteristics are relevant in the field of infection prevention.Materials and methodsAHOI was tested with a cross-sectional design and a cross-media communication strategy at two surgical wards of a university hospital. Interventions included patient information brochures and motivational materials, reminders, and two video presentations. A welcome box with information material and two questionnaires was given to every inpatient. The patients were instructed to complete the questionnaires at the beginning and at the end of their stay.ResultsA sample size of 133 inpatients who completed questionnaires at the beginning and end of hospitalization was analyzable. The analysis produced a differentiated picture of the perception and reaction behavior of the sexes. Women had a more negative expectation of the response of doctors. In addition, there were differences in the perception of the positioning of disinfectant dispensers and cleaning processes as well as in satisfaction with the general cleanliness. For all subjects mentioned above, the differences were significant at least at the P-value 0.05.ConclusionThe AHOI study shows sex differences in hygiene perception and behavior. Measures to improve patient safety by involving patients in infection control must take these differences into account.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Infection control perception and behavior: a question of sex and gender? Results of the AHOI feasibility study

Goerig¹,

Dittmann²,

Krämer³

et al. 2018

IDR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Reproductive hormones and neurosteroids such as the progesterone metabolite and GABA A receptor agonist allopregnanolone (ALLO) not only impact stress neurocircuitry [54, 70•], they act through receptor and ion channel pathways to regulate numerous neurotransmitter systems involved in the regulation of affect and learning and memory [60•, 71]. Lowered progesterone and estradiol levels characteristic of hormonal contraceptive use are associated with decreased ALLO in women [72], a possible risk factor for contraceptive-induced depression and menstrual cycle-related negative affective states such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder [73, 74].…”

Section: Sex Differences In the Physiologic Response To Traumamentioning

confidence: 99%

What Does Sex Have to Do with It? The Role of Sex as a Biological Variable in the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Kornfield

Hantsoo

Epperson

2018

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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While others have suggested that trauma type or acute emotional reaction are responsible for women's disproportionate risk to PTSD, neither of these explanations fully accounts for the sex differences in PTSD. Sex differences in brain neurocircuitry, anatomy, and neurobiological processes, such as those involved in learning and memory, are discussed as they have been implicated in risk and resilience for the development of PTSD. Gonadal and stress hormones have been found to modulate sex differences in the neurocircuitry and neurochemistry underlying fear learning and extinction. Preclinical research has not consistently controlled for hormonal and reproductive status of rodents nor have clinical studies consistently examined these factors as potential moderators of risk for PTSD. Sex as a biological variable (SABV) should be considered, in addition to the endocrine and reproductive status of participants, in all stress physiology and PTSD research.

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“…These people are cisgender (abbreviated cis ). Transgender (abbreviated trans ) is an umbrella term that describes those who do not have a gender identity, gender expression (i.e., the way one presents their gender to others), and/or behavior (i.e., how the person expresses their gender identity through actions) that matches their sex assigned at birth, as defined by the norms of a given culture [1••, 2]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-Affirming Hormone Use in Transgender Individuals: Impact on Behavioral Health and Cognition

Nguyen

Chavez

Lipner

et al. 2018

Curr Psychiatry Rep

122

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Purpose of Review With increasing numbers of transgender and gender non-binary individuals presenting for care, knowing how to elucidate the mental health and cognitive outcomes of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is necessary. This article reviews the present literature covering GAHT effects on mood, behavioral health, and cognition in these individuals and offers research priorities to address knowledge gaps. Recent Findings Although there are some conflicting data, GAHToverwhelmingly seems to have positive psychological effects in both adolescents and adults. Research tends to support that GAHT reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression, lowers perceived and social distress, and improves quality of life and self-esteem in both male-to-female and female-to-male transgender individuals. Summary Clinically, prescribing GAHT can help with gender dysphoria-related mental distress. Thus, timely hormonal intervention represents a crucial tool for improving behavioral wellness in transgender individuals, though effects on cognitive processes fundamental for daily living are unknown. Future research should prioritize better understanding of how GAHT may affect executive functioning.

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Sex as a Biological Variable: Who, What, When, Why, and How

Cited by 120 publications

References 125 publications

Infection control perception and behavior: a question of sex and gender? Results of the AHOI feasibility study

Infection control perception and behavior: a question of sex and gender? Results of the AHOI feasibility study

What Does Sex Have to Do with It? The Role of Sex as a Biological Variable in the Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Gender-Affirming Hormone Use in Transgender Individuals: Impact on Behavioral Health and Cognition

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