Sex- and growth-specific characteristics of small for gestational age infants: a prospective cohort study

Vlugt, Eva R. van der; Verburg, Petra E.; Leemaqz, Shalem; McCowan, Lesley; Poston, Lucilla; Kenny, Louise C.; Myers, Jenny; Walker, James J.; Dekker, Gustaaf A.; Roberts, Claire T.

doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00300-z

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…The anthropometric parameters of the newborns were evaluated within 24 h after birth. Birth body length and weight were determined using a measuring board to the nearest 0.1 cm and a calibrated scale to the nearest 10 g. The ponderal index (PI) in infants was calculated using the formula [ 25 ]: PI = [weight (grams) × 100]/[height (cm)] 3 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Oxidative Stress Generated by Smoking during Pregnancy on Glutathione Status in Mother-Newborn Pairs

Chełchowska¹,

Gajewska²,

Ambroszkiewicz³

et al. 2021

Antioxidants

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Glutathione plays a key role in maintaining a physiological balance between prooxidants and antioxidants in the human body. Therefore, we examined the influence of maternal smoking as a source of oxidative stress measured by total oxidant capacity (TOC) on reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GPx-3), and reductase (GR) amount in maternal and umbilical cord blood in 110 (45 smoking and 65 non-smoking) mother-newborn pairs. Concentrations of glutathione status markers and TOC were evaluated by competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay technique. Plasma TOC levels were significantly higher and the GSH/GSSG ratio, which is considered an index of the cell’s redox status, were significantly lower in smoking women and their offspring than in non-smoking pairs. Decreased GR levels were found in smoking mothers and their newborns compared with similar non-smoking groups. Although plasma GPx-3 concentrations were similar in both maternal groups, in the cord blood of newborns exposed to tobacco smoke in utero they were reduced compared with the levels observed in children of tobacco abstinent mothers. Oxidative stress generated by tobacco smoke impairs glutathione homeostasis in both the mother and the newborn. The severity of oxidative processes in the mother co-existing with the reduced potential of antioxidant systems may have a negative effect on the oxidative-antioxidant balance in the newborn.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Oxidative Stress Generated by Smoking during Pregnancy on Glutathione Status in Mother-Newborn Pairs

Chełchowska¹,

Gajewska²,

Ambroszkiewicz³

et al. 2021

Antioxidants

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“…More precisely, protein deficiency or limited protein intake is associated with symmetric FGR. Additional maternal factors include factors from the uterus, such as myometrial fibroids [74,75] or periodontal disease [76]. A history of having an FGR infant in a previous pregnancy increases the chance of recurrent FGR by up to 25%.…”

Section: Medical Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR)

Tsikouras,

Antsaklis,

Nikolettos

et al. 2024

JPM

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Fetal growth restriction (FGR), or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is still the second most common cause of perinatal mortality. The factors that contribute to fetal growth restriction can be categorized into three distinct groups: placental, fetal, and maternal. The prenatal application of various diagnostic methods can, in many cases, detect the deterioration of the fetal condition in time because the nature of the above disorder is thoroughly investigated by applying a combination of biophysical and biochemical methods, which determine the state of the embryo–placenta unit and assess the possible increased risk of perinatal failure outcome and potential for many later health problems. When considering the potential for therapeutic intervention, the key question is whether it can be utilized during pregnancy. Currently, there are no known treatment interventions that effectively enhance placental function and promote fetal weight development. Nevertheless, in cases with fetuses diagnosed with fetal growth restriction, immediate termination of pregnancy may have advantages not only in terms of minimizing perinatal mortality but primarily in terms of reducing long-term morbidity during childhood and maturity.

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“…Females born to asthmatic individuals who do not use glucocorticoids are significantly smaller compared to control females and females born to individuals using glucocorticoids, whereas males do not show any significant difference between groups [ 23 ]. Daily vigorous exercise significantly increases the chances of having a small for gestational age infant, but the risk is nearly twice as high for male infants compared to females [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in growth and mortality in pregnancy-associated hypertension

Hercus,

Metcalfe,

Christians

2024

PLoS ONE

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Background It is hypothesized that male fetuses prioritize growth, resulting in increased mortality, whereas females reduce growth in the presence of adversity. Preeclampsia reflects a chronic condition, in which fetuses have the opportunity to adjust growth. If females reduce their growth in response to preeclampsia, but males attempt to maintain growth at the cost of survival, we predict that differences in birthweight between preeclamptic and non-preeclamptic pregnancies will be greater among females, whereas differences in mortality will be greater among males. Methods We analysed data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We compared pregnancies with pregnancy-associated hypertension (PAH) and controls. Results The difference in birthweight between pregnancies affected by PAH and controls varied by fetal sex and gestational age. Among pregnancies of White individuals, at 34–35 weeks, the difference between PAH and controls was higher among females, as predicted. However, this pattern was reversed earlier in pregnancy and around term. Such variation was not significant in Black pregnancies. In both Black and White pregnancies, early in gestation, males had lower odds of death in PAH pregnancies, but higher odds of death in control pregnancies, counter to our prediction. Later, males had higher odds of death in PAH and controls, although the increased odds of death in males was not higher in PAH pregnancies than in controls. Overall, the difference in birthweight between surviving and non-surviving infants was greater in males than in females, opposite to our prediction. Conclusions The impact of PAH on birthweight and survival varies widely throughout gestation. Differences in birthweight and survival between male and female PAH and controls are generally not consistent with the hypothesis that males prioritize fetal growth more than females, and that this is a cause of increased mortality in males.

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Sex- and growth-specific characteristics of small for gestational age infants: a prospective cohort study

Cited by 7 publications

References 43 publications

Influence of Oxidative Stress Generated by Smoking during Pregnancy on Glutathione Status in Mother-Newborn Pairs

Influence of Oxidative Stress Generated by Smoking during Pregnancy on Glutathione Status in Mother-Newborn Pairs

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR)

Sex differences in growth and mortality in pregnancy-associated hypertension

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