Sex and Gender Differences in Travel‐Associated Disease

Schlagenhauf, Patricia; Chen, Lin H.; Wilson, Mary; Freedman, David O.; Tcheng, David; Schwartz, Eli; Pandey, Prativa; Weber, Rainer; Nadal, David; Berger, Christoph; Sonnenburg, Frank von; Keystone, Jay S.; Leder, Karin

doi:10.1086/650575

Cited by 112 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This finding was confirmed subsequently by other studies (383,386). The risk factors for ATBF in travel are male gender, higher age, travel for tourism, and travel during the late summer months in southern Africa (March to May) (385,387).…”

Section: Sub-saharan Africasupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Collaborations with investigators in the tropics and the curiosity of clinicians, combined with powerful diagnostic methods, have continued to increase the recognition of rickettsial organisms, including pathogenic organisms. Because ecotourism and adventure travel are increasingly popular worldwide, the incidence of travel-associated tick-borne emerging rickettsioses is likely to increase in the future (385,387,481). Rickettsiae are difficult to grow, and serological techniques lead to cross-reactions that often cannot differentiate Rickettsia species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Update on Tick-Borne Rickettsioses around the World: a Geographic Approach

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY Tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus Rickettsia . These zoonoses are among the oldest known vector-borne diseases. However, in the past 25 years, the scope and importance of the recognized tick-associated rickettsial pathogens have increased dramatically, making this complex of diseases an ideal paradigm for the understanding of emerging and reemerging infections. Several species of tick-borne rickettsiae that were considered nonpathogenic for decades are now associated with human infections, and novel Rickettsia species of undetermined pathogenicity continue to be detected in or isolated from ticks around the world. This remarkable expansion of information has been driven largely by the use of molecular techniques that have facilitated the identification of novel and previously recognized rickettsiae in ticks. New approaches, such as swabbing of eschars to obtain material to be tested by PCR, have emerged in recent years and have played a role in describing emerging tick-borne rickettsioses. Here, we present the current knowledge on tick-borne rickettsiae and rickettsioses using a geographic approach toward the epidemiology of these diseases.

show abstract

Section: Sub-saharan Africasupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Tick-Borne Rickettsioses around the World: a Geographic Approach

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There were no health problems related to travel in the woman group, but this data is biased due to small sample. The above cited findings were also reported for global tourism analysis, showing gender differences for 58 travel health problems (SCHLAGENHAUF et al, 2010). Interesting, the two cases of previous health counseling were made by domestic travelers, but none of the domestic travelers had any additional health insurance, unlike travelers to foreign destinations, most of whom had some form of health insurance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Health problems awareness during travel among faculty members of a large university in Latin America: preliminary report

Tome¹,

Canello²,

Luna

et al. 2013

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYHealth safety during trips is based on previous counseling, vaccination and prevention of infections, previous diseases or specific problems related to the destination. Our aim was to assess two aspects, incidence of health problems related to travel and the traveler's awareness of health safety. To this end we phone-interviewed faculty members of a large public University, randomly selected from humanities, engineering and health schools. Out of 520 attempts, we were able to contact 67 (12.9%) and 46 (68.6%) agreed to participate in the study. There was a large male proportion (37/44, 84.1%), mature adults mostly in their forties and fifties (32/44, 72.7%), all of them with higher education, as you would expect of faculty members. Most described themselves as being sedentary or as taking occasional exercise, with only 15.9% (7/44) taking regular exercise. Preexisting diseases were reported by 15 travelers. Most trips lasted usually one week or less. Duration of the travel was related to the destination, with (12h) or longer trips being taken by 68.2% (30/44) of travelers, and the others taking shorter (3h) domestic trips. Most travelling was made by air (41/44) and only 31.8% (14/44) of the trips were motivated by leisure. Field research trips were not reported. Specific health counseling previous to travel was reported only by two (4.5%). Twenty seven of them (61.4%) reported updated immunization, but 11/30 reported unchecked immunizations. 30% (9/30) reported travel without any health insurance coverage. As a whole group, 6 (13.6%) travelers reported at least one health problem attributed to the trip. All of them were males travelling abroad. Five presented respiratory infections, such as influenza and common cold, one neurological, one orthopedic, one social and one hypertension. There were no gender differences regarding age groups, destination, type of transport, previous health counseling, leisure travel motivation or pre-existing diseases. Interestingly, the two cases of previous health counseling were made by domestic travelers. Our data clearly shows that despite a significant number of travel related health problems, these highly educated faculty members, had a low awareness of those risks, and a significant number of travels are made without prior counseling or health insurance. A counseling program conducted by a tourism and health professional must be implemented for faculty members in order to increase the awareness of travel related health problems.

show abstract

“…About two-thirds of malaria cases in this analysis occurred in men, a phenomenon noted previously. 11,12 Higher rates of malaria and deaths due to malaria among male travellers may reflect both biological (e.g., attractiveness to vectors) and behavioural (e.g., adherence to chemoprophylaxis) risk factors, 11,[13][14][15][16][17] although their continued over representation in epidemiologic analyses speaks to the need for better, targeted prevention initiatives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria in travellers returning or migrating to Canada: surveillance report from CanTravNet surveillance data, 2004-2014

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Malaria remains the most common specific cause of fever in returned travellers and can be life-threatening. We examined demographic and travel correlates of malaria among Canadian travellers and immigrants to identify groups for targeted pretravel intervention.Methods: Descriptive data on ill returned Canadian travellers and immigrants presenting to a CanTravNet site between 2004 and 2014 with a diagnosis of malaria were analyzed. Data were collected using the GeoSentinel data platform. This network comprises 63 specialized travel and tropical medicine clinics, including 7 Canadian sites (Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg and Montréal), that contribute anonymous, delinked, clinician-and questionnaire-based travel surveillance data on all ill travellers examined to a centralized Structure Query Language database. Results:During the study period, 20 345 travellers and immigrants were evaluated, and 93% had a travel-related diagnosis. Of these, 437 (2.1%) patients received 456 malaria diagnoses, the most common species being Plasmodium falciparum (n = 282, 61.8%). People travelling to visit friends and relatives were most well-represented (n = 169, 38.7%), followed by business travellers (n = 71, 16.2%). Sub-Saharan Africa was the most common source region, accounting for 341 (74.8%) malaria diagnoses, followed by South Central Asia (n = 55, 12%). Nigeria was the most well-represented source country, accounting for 41 cases (9.0%). India, a high-volume destination for Canadians, accounted for 40 cases (8.8%), 36 of which were caused by Plasmodium vivax. Of 456 malaria diagnoses, 26 (5.7%) were severe. Of 377 nonimmigrant travellers with malaria, 19.9% (n = 75) travelled for less than 2 weeks, and 7.2% (n = 27) travelled for less than 1 week. Interpretation:This analysis provides an epidemiologic framework for Canadian practitioners encountering prospective and returned travellers. It confirms the importance of preventive measures and surveillance associated with travel to sub-Saharan Africa and India, particularly by travellers visiting friends or relatives. Short-duration travel confers important malaria risk. Abstract Research CMAJ OPENCMAJ OPEN, 4(3) E353 surveillance summary of malaria in a cohort of returned travellers and new immigrants presenting for care at CanTravNet sites over a 10-year period. Methods SettingSeven Canadian sites from 5 provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec), also belonging to the GeoSentinel Global Surveillance Network, constitute CanTravNet, as described. 7 These sites are large referral-based outpatient centres staffed by specialists in travel and tropical medicine, which serve the Greater Vancouver-Victoria, Calgary, Winnipeg, Toronto, Ottawa and Montréal metropolitan areas and could account for service of almost 50% of the Canadian population. Network sites have been accrued over time, with inaugural sites in Toronto (1997) and Ottawa (1997), and more recent additional sites in Victoria-Vancouver (2009), Montréal (2007), Calgary...

show abstract

Sex and Gender Differences in Travel‐Associated Disease

Abstract: Men and women present with different profiles of travel-related morbidity. Preventive travel medicine and future travel medicine research need to address gender-specific intervention strategies and differential susceptibility to disease.

Cited by 112 publications

References 32 publications

Update on Tick-Borne Rickettsioses around the World: a Geographic Approach

Update on Tick-Borne Rickettsioses around the World: a Geographic Approach

Health problems awareness during travel among faculty members of a large university in Latin America: preliminary report

Malaria in travellers returning or migrating to Canada: surveillance report from CanTravNet surveillance data, 2004-2014

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About