Sex and gender analysis improves science and engineering

Tannenbaum, Cara; Ellis, Robert P.; Eyssel, Friederike Anne; Zou, James; Schiebinger, Londa

doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1657-6

Cited by 380 publications

(303 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…However, sex and gender are conceptually distinct. While sex refers to biological and physiological characteristics, gender refers to "psychological, social, and cultural factors that shape attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge" (42). Sex and gender are both important determinants of health and response to interventions (42,43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While sex refers to biological and physiological characteristics, gender refers to "psychological, social, and cultural factors that shape attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge" (42). Sex and gender are both important determinants of health and response to interventions (42,43). Thus, integrating sex-and gender-based analysis can lead to improved research methodology and improved assessment of differences in disease outcomes (42,43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sex and gender are both important determinants of health and response to interventions (42,43). Thus, integrating sex-and gender-based analysis can lead to improved research methodology and improved assessment of differences in disease outcomes (42,43). As an example, using a binary gender index (masculinity vs. femininity), Pelletier et al found that feminine traits of personality were associated with adverse outcomes in young patients with acute coronary syndromes, regardless of sex (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Differences in Long-Term Mortality and Functional Outcome After Rehabilitation in Patients With Severe Stroke

et al. 2020

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Objective: We sought to determine sex differences in outcomes in patients with severe stroke who had been admitted to inpatient rehabilitation.Methods: We studied 1,316 patients aged 18 to 99 (mean 72) classified as case-mix groups 0108, 0109, and 0110 of the Medicare case-mix classification system. These groups encompass the most severe strokes. Three outcomes were analyzed: (1) 3-year mortality from admission to rehabilitation; (2) combined outcome of transfer to acute care or death within 90 days from admission to rehabilitation; (3) functional outcome, including proportional recovery in motor functioning and good functional outcome as defined by achievement of a Functional Independence Measure (FIM)-motor score ≥65 points at discharge. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess sex-difference in each outcome between women and men. The covariates examined included age, marital status, comorbidities, time from stroke onset to rehabilitation admission <30 days, ischemic stroke, dysphagia, neglect, motor FIM score at admission, and cognitive FIM score at admission.Results: Kaplan-Meier estimated 3-year mortality rate was 20.7% in women and 22.0% in men. The crude hazard ratio (HR) of death for women compared with men was 0.94 (95% CI 0.74-1.20). After adjustment for significant covariates, the HR of 3-year mortality was 0.73 (95% CIs 0.56-0.96; p = 0.025). Comorbidity, including diabetes, anemia, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, significantly increased mortality risk by 49-88%. The incidence of the combined outcome was 8.3% in women and 8.4% in men. The crude HR of the combined end-point for women compared with men was 1.05 (95% CI 0.72-1.53). After adjustment for significant covariates, the HR was 0.95 (95% CIs 0.65-1.40; p = 0.810). Likewise, no significant difference in proportional recovery or in the rate of achievement of a good functional outcome between women and men was observed.Conclusion: Among patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation after severe stroke, women and men had comparable crude mortality rates at 3 years. After multivariable Scrutinio et al.Sex Differences in Severe Stroke adjustment, however, women had lower mortality risk. No sex-differences in the risk of being transferred to acute care or dying within 90 days from admission to rehabilitation or in responsiveness to rehabilitation were observed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Differences in Long-Term Mortality and Functional Outcome After Rehabilitation in Patients With Severe Stroke

et al. 2020

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“…Specific aims of the ATLAS include the following: (1) report an environmental scan of the status of women's heart health and disease in Canada; (2) summarize the existing research on CVD in Canadian women; (3) identify importance of sex-and genderspecific differences and approaches to CV care in Canada; (4) identify knowledge gaps to guide future research; and (5) describe a unified approach to CV health promotion, disease management, and research in Canadian women with an ultimate goal of improving CV outcomes.…”

Section: R Esum Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the first steps in moving past a one-size-fits-all approach to CVD treatment and management involves ensuring that studies systematically account for each patient's biologic sex, as well as other intersecting factors over and above sex that are associated with outcomes such as gender, age, race, and socioeconomic status. 4 New policies implemented at research funding agencies along with the implementation of editorial guidelines at peer-review journals include sex and gender analysis as one benchmark among many when evaluating grants or publications. The overarching goal is to increase transparency, promote inclusion, and ensure the research community carefully considers sex and gender, where appropriate.…”

Section: Evidence On Cvd In Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing the Canadian Women’s Heart Health Alliance ATLAS on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cardiovascular Diseases in Women

et al. 2020

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Despite a global understanding that indicators and outcomes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are known to differ between men and women, uptake of the recognition of sex and gender influences on the clinical care of women has been slow or absent. The Canadian Women's Heart Health Alliance (CWHHA) was established as a network of experts and advocates to develop and disseminate evidence-informed strategies to transform clinical practice and augment collaborative action on women's cardiovascular health in Canada. As an initial project, the CWHHA membership undertook an environmental scan of CVD in women in Canada from which a scientific statement could be developed to summarize critical sex-and gender-specific issues in CVD. This comprehensive review of the CJC Open 2 (2020) 145e150

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2021

Perspectives in Male Psychology

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Sex and gender analysis improves science and engineering

Abstract: Disaggregating the dataAnalysing experimental results by sex and/or gender is critical for improving accuracy and avoiding misinterpretation of data (Fig.

Cited by 380 publications

References 102 publications

Sex Differences in Long-Term Mortality and Functional Outcome After Rehabilitation in Patients With Severe Stroke

Sex Differences in Long-Term Mortality and Functional Outcome After Rehabilitation in Patients With Severe Stroke

Introducing the Canadian Women’s Heart Health Alliance ATLAS on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cardiovascular Diseases in Women

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